• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.147-161
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• 2004

This study was designed to explore developmental evaluation in healthy full-term, at risk preterm and full-term infants. Specifically the purposes of the study were to investigate Psychomotor Developmental Index(PDI) and Mental Developmental Index(MDI) based on Bayley Scales of Infant Development(1993). The subjects were 72 infants, 24 each for healthy full-term infants, 24 each for at risk preterm infants and 24 each for at risk full-term infants such as having neonatal asphyxia, hypoxic ischemic brain damage, respiratory distress syndrome. The data were analyzed through Kruskal-Wallis test and correlations to examine healthy full-term, at risk pre-term and at risk full-term infants. Results showed that there were significant differences among healthy full-term, at risk pre-term and at risk full-term infants in PDI and MDI. On the correlation with PDI and MDI, infants showed significant correlations. Early interventions for developmental improvement are required for functional outcome in these infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1036-1041
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• 2003

Ecological studies have indicated that the essential fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples are associated with gestational length and birth weight. The objectives of this study were to examine serum fatty acid concentration, particularly $\omega$3 fatty acids, in maternal and umbilical cord blood and to investigate the relationship of serum fatty acid levels in the blood of the mother and of the umbilical cord. Subjects consisted of 30 full-term and 30 pre-term mothers and neonates of both groups. Serum levels of fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. The concentration of total saturated fatty acids in pre-term pregnant women was significantly higher than that of the full-term group (p<0.05), however, the maternal level of $\omega$3 fatty acids in the pre-term group was significantly lower than that of the full-term pregnant women (p<0.05), Moreover, the concentrations of $\alpha$-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in full-term pregnant women were significantly higher than those of the pre-term group. In umbilical cord blood, the levels of total $\omega$3 fatty acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in the pre-term group than in the full-term group (p<0.05). Based on the coefficient of correlation between serum fatty acids in the mother and the umbilical cord, it turned out that in the full-term group, the newborn's umbilical cord serum fatty acids were not influenced by the levels of serum fatty acids in the mother. However, in the pre-term group, it seems to have positive correlations in terms of the levels of SFA, MUFA, PUFA and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. This study suggests that a lower status of $\omega$3 fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood probably is a risk factor for pre-term birth.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2008

In Korea, delivery of preterm has increased gradually, preterm delivery rate was 6.4% in 1995 and 9.8% in 2002. The purpose of this study is to provide guidelines for preventing preterm delivery in aspect of health factors and food habits. The health factors and dietary habits were compared between preterm delivery group and full-term delivery group on to recognize risk factor of delivering premature. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The full-term delivery group showed a high rate of professionals and the preterm delivery group showed a high rate of the service industry, showing differences in kinds of occupation(p<0.05). Heights were higher in full-term delivery group(p<0.05). Among the nutrition supplements, iron supplement consumption was the most, period of the intake of iron was significantly longer for the full-term delivery group than for the preterm delivery group(p<0.05). Also, prevalence of coffee was higher in preterm delivery group(p<0.001). The activity level was higher in full-term delivery group(p<0.005).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 2018

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a one of the most common cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality in neonates. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for RDS in full-term neonates. Methods: We conducted this retrospective study using medical records. The study group included 80 full-term neonates diagnosed with RDS and hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2016, at Yeungnam University Hospital. We analyzed sex, gestational age, birth weight, delivery method, maternal age, number of pregnancy, history of abortion, and complication of pregnancy. The control group included 116 full-time neonates who were hospitalized with jaundice during the same period. Results: The incidence of full-term RDS was more common in males (odds ratio [OR], 3.288; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.446-7.479), cesarean section (OR, 15.03; 95% CI, 6.381-35.423), multiparity (OR, 4.216; 95% CI, 1.568-11.335). The other factors rendered no significant results. Conclusion: The risk factors for RDS in full-tern neonates were identified as male sex, cesarean section, and multiparity. Further studies involving more institutions are needed to clarify the risk factors for RDS in full-term infants.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to first discriminate and assess those infants who appear healthy in appearance but who could face possible risk factors in the future and, secondly, to identify those infants who may have difficulties in their developmental stages. The subjects of this study consisted of 35 full-term infants (39-40 weeks) and 33 pre-term infants (34-35 weeks). The infants' voices were recorded for three minutes, for which EDIROL by Roland and a stand-type microphone made by SONY were used. This was done to discern the value of the Breath unit (B-unit) and the fundamental frequencies ($F_0$). It was found that there were significant differences in terms of F0 since the pre-term infants had higher F0 than the full-term infants, showing a result of 436.4 Hz for the full-term infants and 460 Hz for the pre-term infants (p<.05) There was an average rate of 4.01 for the full-term infants and 4.02 (SD=1.69) for the pre-term infants in shimmer. For NHR, it was observed .44 for the full-term infants and .50 for the pre-term infants, thus revealing no significant differences in these observations. This study shows that the crying of newborn babies is related to their physical conditions and it is a sensatory response to these conditions. Furthermore, this study could be helpful for the early detection and measurement of newborn babies who look clinically healthy but could be at risk through acoustic and physiological analyses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.62-73
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• 1985

The problems of growth & development due to maladjustment are gradually increasing while need for the treatment of children's diseases is decreasing. The level of developmental deficiency or delay correlates with neonatal birth weight and also with gestational age, i.e. degrees of prematurity. There-fore, developmental defects and potential risk factors' are more Common in premature infants than in full term infants. The purpose of this study is to define the difference in the growth at developmental status between premature and full term infants, and to define the relation between the developmental status and the physical growth during the first 3 years' Data were collected from January 10, 1985 to April 6, 1985 at 3 hospitals including St. Mary's Hospital, and through home visiting. The subjects of this study consisted of 79 Premature infants (G.A. <37wks. & B.W. <2.5kg) and 94 full term infants (G.A.≥37 wks. & B.W.≥2.5kg). The study method used was a questionnaire, anthropometric assessment and DDST for normative data of growth & development. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and t-test. The results of the study were as follows: Hypothesis: 1 : That the prematures will differ from the full term infants in the physical growth status during the first 3 years was partially supported (p＜0.02) : The prematures reached up the full term infants in the physical growth status in the first 6 months. And, the first hypothesis was supported (P<0.01) : There are more cases which is below‘the Korean children's physical. growth standards’in prematures than in full term infants. Hypothesis 2 : That the prematures will differ from the full term infants in the developmental status during the first 3 years was supported (P< 0.001)；‘Normal’developmental status due to DDST was less in prematures than in full term infants. And, the second hypothesis was Partially supported (P<0.02) : The developmental status of the pre-matures was different from that of the full term infants within the first 3 months by analysis of passed items in DDST, Hypothesis 3 : That the prematures' developmental status will relate to their physical growth during the first 3 years was supported (P<0.001) : If the prematures' developmental status is in delayed status, then, their physical growth status is also in delayed status. This study shows that the prematures differed significantly from the full term infants in the growth at developmental status during their infancy. This means that the nurse can foster the growth & development of the prematures by supportive care during their infancy. Further longitudinal study is needed to verify these findings for the environmental factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1991

The study was conducted to examine Mother - Infant interaction and Maternal identity in two groups, that is, premature infant and its mother and full-term infant and its mother. For this purpose, the data were collected from 24 sample groups(12 for premature dyads and the remaining 12 for full-term dyads) by using observation method and questionnaires during July, 20 through September 30, 1987. The results are summerized as follows; 1. In terms of Mother - Infant Interaction, full-term dyads considerably stood out campared to that of premature dyads (u＝21, p＜0.01). 2. In terms of Maternal Identity, though full-term dyads showed somewhat high results, there was not a significant difference between two groups. 3. There was not a significant correlation between Mother-Infant Interaction and Maternal Identity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 1999

The correlation between maternal lipid nutritional status during pregnancy and gestational length was investigated. Subjects consisted of 30 full-term delivery mothers, 30 preterm delivery mothers, and babies of both groups. Dietary fat intake during pregnancy and serum lipid levels in mother and umbilical serum were measured. The mean daily intake levels of fatty acid during pregnancy were lower than the recommended dietary allowances, while $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios of dietary fatty acids were acceptable. For preterm delivery mothers, fatty acid intake levels to be lower than those in full-term delivery mothers, especially DHA intake of these two groups was significantly different. During gestation, hyperlipidemia was apparent in the pregnant women. The serum lipid contents of preterm delivery mothers tended to be lower than those of full-term delivery mothers, and umbilical cord serum lipid contents of the preterm delivery group tended to be higher than those of the full-term delivery group. Total cholesterol levels in the umbilical cord serum of preterm babies were significantly higher than those of full-term delivery group. On the other hand, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels between umbilical cord serum and maternal serum were positively correlated in the preterm delivery group. Concerning, energy and fatty acid intakes were more closely associated with umbilical cord serum lipid levels in full-term babies, but negatively associated in preterm babies. It was concluded that gestational length was related to the dietary intake of fatty acids such as DHA in pregnant women. For better understanding, the ralationship between placental lipid transport mechanisms and gestational length needs to be explored.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2005

This research is to compare the infant's temperament and parenting stress perceived by premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother. It aims at establishing the healthy relationship between mothers and infants. It investigates the basic data of nursing intervention program to help the mother of premature infant. The period of data collection was from May 1, 2005 to May 30, 2005, and the subjects were total 123 mothers: 44 mothers of premature infants and 79 mothers of full-term infants under 6 months who visited general hospitals, individual pediatrics, and health center located in G city. "What My Baby Is Like(WBL)" developed by Pridham, Chang, and Chiu(1994) and translated by Bang Kyeong Sook(1999) was used as a measuring instrument of infants' temperament, and Parenting Stress Index (PSI) developed by Abidin(1990) and revised and complemented by Kim Dong Hee(1997) was used as a measuring instrument of parenting stress. Collected Data were analyzed through $X^2$-test, t-test, Pearson's correlation with SPSS 12.0 window program. The results are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in the infant's temperament perceived by premature infants' mothers and full-term infants' mothers (t=-4.08, p=.00). In subcategory, there were significant difference between premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother in geniality(t=-3.62, p=.00), adaptation(t=-3.43, p=.00) and reaction(t=-2.01, p=.05). 2. There was a significant difference in parenting stress between premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother(t=6.57, p=.00). The parenting stress of premature infants mothers appeared to be higher than full-term infants' mothers. They showed the higher stress in the mother-child relationship area(t=6.27, p=.00) and child area(t=7.38, p=.00) among 3 areas of parenting stress. 3. There were negative correlation between infants' temperament and parenting stress. As mothers perceived the infant's temperament negatively, the parenting stress. Especially, the negative correlation of infants' temperament and parenting stress of premature infants' mothers(r=-.44) was stronger than that of full-term infants' mothers(r=-37). From the research, as mothers of premature infants receive more stress, their stress can cause the serious problem to the relationship of the mother and the infant. Therefore, the nursing intervention should be carried out in order to change the negative perception of mothers towards their infants into the positive perception reduce the parenting stress.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2007

We have investigated the electronic structures and magnetism of a full Heusler alloy $Co_2CrGa(001)$ surface by using the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We considered two types of different terminations: the Co-terminated (Co-Term) and the CrGa-terminated (CrGa-Term) surfaces. From the calculated layer-projected density of states (LDOS), we found that the surface of the CrGa-Term shows nearly half-metallic character while that of the Co-Term is far from the half-metallic. For the Co-Term, the surface Co atom moves down to the bulk region by $0.05{\AA}A$, while the subsurface Cr and Ga atoms move up to the surface layer by 0.05 and $0.01{\AA}$, respectively. For the CrGa-Term, there is a large inward relaxation of the surface Ga atom $(0.07{\AA})$, but the relaxation of the surface Cr atom is very small $(0.01{\AA})$. The relaxations affect not much to the overall shapes of DOS for both terminations, but make the surface states of the surface Cr and Ga atoms for the CrGa-Term shift to higher energy that enhances the nearly half-metallic character of the CrGa-Term. The magnetic moments of the surface $Cr(2.98{\mu}_B)$ in the CrGa-Term and the surface $Co(1.17{\mu}_B)$ in the Co-Term were much increased compared to those of the inner-layers $(1.79\;and\;0.77{\mu}_B)$, respectively, while that of the subsurface Cr atom in the Co-Term was decreased to $1.19{\mu}_B$.