• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.405-423
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• 2016

In this study, the feasibility of using telecommunication single-mode optical fiber (SMF) as a distributed fiber optic strain and crack sensor was evaluated in concrete pavement monitoring. Tensile tests on various sensors indicated that the $SMF-28e^+$ fiber revealed linear elastic behavior to rupture at approximately 26 N load and 2.6% strain. Six full-scale concrete panels were prepared and tested under truck and three-point loads to quantify the performance of sensors with pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA). The sensors were protected by precast mortar from brutal action during concrete casting. Once air-cured for 2 hours after initial setting, half a mortar cylinder of 12 mm in diameter ensured that the protected sensors remained functional during and after concrete casting. The strains measured from PPP-BOTDA with a sensitivity coefficient of $5.43{\times}10^{-5}GHz/{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ were validated locally by commercial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Unlike the point FBG sensors, the distributed PPP-BOTDA sensors can be utilized to effectively locate multiple cracks. Depending on their layout, the distributed sensors can provide one- or two-dimensional strain fields in pavement panels. The width of both micro and major cracks can be linearly related to the peak strain directly measured with the distributed fiber optic sensor.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2022

This paper actually investigates the load on major large-scale buildings in the downtown area, examines the economic feasibility of installing PV and ESS in a microgrid target building, and evaluates whether an electric vehicle capable of V2G through two buildings is effective as an economical analysis program (HOMER) was analyzed using. It is economical to install a mixture of ESS rather than using the whole PV, and it is shown that if there is an electric vehicle using the V2G function of EV, there is an economic effect to replace the PV. So that Incentives and policies are needed to replace a large area of PV and utilize the existing parking lot to lead EV as a resource of the microgrid. Currently, P2X technology that stores power as ESS or converts it to other energy to control when surplus renewable energy occurs in large-capacity solar power plants and wind farms, etc. This is being applied, and efforts are being made to maintain the stability of the system through the management of surplus power, such as replacing thermal energy through a heat pump. Due to the increase in electric vehicles, which were recognized only as a means of transportation, technologies for using electric vehicles are developing. Accordingly, existing gas stations do not only supply traditional chemical fuels, but electricity, and super stations that also produce electricity have appeared. Super Station is a new concept power plant that can produce and store electricity using solar power, ESS, V2G, and P2G. To take advantage of this, research on an urban microgrid that forms an independent system by tying a large building and several buildings together and supplies power through a super station around the microgrid is in full swing.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.469-478
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop an automatic nutrient-solution mixing system for small-scale sewers. The nutrient-solution mixing system consisted of a low-cost and precise metering device and data acquisition ＆ control system with a personal computer. and, the metering device was composed of three parts those were supply pumps, metering cylinders and venturi tube. The system controlled electric conductivity(EC) and pH of nutrient-solution based on the time-based feedback control method with the information about temperature, EC, and pH of the nutrient-solution. The performance of the nutrient-solution mixing system was evaluated through the control of EC and pH while compared with those of commercial system. Also an experimental cultivation of tomato was conducted to verify and to improve the developed system. Results of this study were as follows. 1. The correlation coefficient of meteing device between the flow rate and operating time was 0.9999, and the linear reuession equation computed was y=21.759x, where y is the discharge($g$) and x is the operating time(s). 2. Calculated errors for the developed metering device and two commercial pump were $\pm$0.3% $\pm$2.45% and $\pm$1.38 % FS error respectively. 3. An automatic nutrient-solution mixing system based on a low-cost and precise metering device was developed. 4. The full scale errors of the developed system in controlling EC and pH at 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ were $\pm$0.05mS/cm and $\pm$0.2, respectively 5. When using the commercial system, the controlled values of EC and pH of the 500 $\ell$ of water were 1.29 mS/cm and 6.1 pH for the setting points of 1.4 mS/cm and 6.0 pH respectively at 23$pm1^{\circ}C$. 6. The developed nutrient-solution control system showed $\pm$0.05 ms/cm of deviation from the setting EC value over the experimental cultivation period. 7. The deviation from the average values of Ca and Mg mass content in the several nutrient-solution were 0.5% and 1.8% respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

Background: Reconstruction surgery of mitral valve regurgitation is now considered as an effective operative technique and has shown good long-term results. Although reconstructive surgery of mitral valve has been performed since 1970s, we have started only in early 1990s in full scale because of small number of the mitral regurgitation compared to mitral stenosis and lack of knowledge from the viewpoint of patients and physicians. Material and Method: From January 1992 to December 1996, 100 patients underwent repair of the mitral valve for mitral regurgitation with or without mitral stenosis in Seoul National University Hospital. 45(45%) of the patients were men and 55(55%) were women. The mean age was 39.9$\pm$14.4 years. The causes of the mitral regurgitation were rheumatic in 61, degenerative in 28 and others in 11. According to the Carpentier's pathological classification of mitral regurgitation 5 patients were type I. 55 patients were type II and 40 patients were type III. 7 patients underwent concomitant aortic valvuloplasty and 8 patients underwent aortic valve replacement. 7 patients underwent Maze operation or pulmonary vein isolation. Result: There were no operative death but 3 major operative complications: 2patients were postoperative low cardiac output syndrome(needed intra-aortic ballon pump support) and 1 patient was postoperative bleeding. There was one late death(1.0%) The cause of death was sepsis secondary to acute bacterial endocarditis. 3 patients required reoperation for recurred mitral regurgitation. There were no statistically significant risk factors for reoperation. The other 96 patients showed no or mild degree of mitral regurgitation 99 survivors were in NYHA functional class I or II. There were two throumboembolisms but no anticoagulation-related complications. Conclusion: We concluded that mitral valve repair could be performed successfully in most cases of mitral regurgitation even in the rheumatic and combined lesions with very low operative mortality and morbidity. The early results are very promising.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.505-510
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• 2006

배경: 쥐를 이용한 심폐바이패스 모델은 시간 및 비용의 절감, 관리의 용이, 큰 실험실의 불필요, 그리고 반복실험의 용이 등 많은 장점이 있으나 기술적인 어려움 또한 크다. 열교환기를 이용한 효율적인 중심체온 유지 및 조절 역시 이러한 문제점 중의 하나이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 쥐 심폐바이패스 모델을 위해 기존의 상용화된 산화기를 소동물용으로 개조한 뒤 심정지액 주입용 소형 열교환기를 이용하여 충전액을 최소화한 상태에서 인공심폐기에 의한 효율적인 체온 유지가 가능한지를 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 수컷 쥐(Sprague-Dawley,평균 530 g) 10마리를 각 5예씩 나누어 열교환기를 사용한 군과 사용하지 않은 군으로 구분하였다. 열교환기는 심정지액 주입용 열교환기를 개조하여 사용하였으며 산화기를 포함한 전체 정지 충전용량은 40 cc였다. 열교환기를 사용하지 않은 군에서는 저혈조 주위에 온수를 순환시켰다. 실험동물 마취 후 동맥 삽관은 대퇴동맥 및 내경동맥에 정맥 삽관은 외경정맥에 시행하고 부분 심폐바이패스(40 ml/kg/min)를 20분간 유지하였다. 두 군간의 비교 분석을 위해 직장 체온을 각각 마취 직후, 동정맥 삽관 후, 심폐바이패스 후 5, 10, 15, 20분에 측정하였다. 심폐바이패스 후 5, 15분에는 헤모글로빈 및 동맥혈 가스분석을 동시에 측정하였다. 결과: 쥐에서의 심폐바이패스 운용은 안정적으로 유지되었으며, 심폐바이패스 후 5분부터 두 군간의 체온 차이는 유의하였다(p<0.01). 20분 후 체온은 각각 $36.16{\pm}0.32^{\circ}C$ 및 $34.22{\pm}0.36^{\circ}C$였다. 결론: 본 연구는 소동물 심폐바이패스 모델에서 심정지액 주입용 열교환기를 이용하여 충전액에 대한 영향을 최소화하면서 효율적인 체온유지가 가능함을 증명하였다. 이러한 실험 결과는 향후 저체온 심폐바이패스 운용에 관한 실험 모델로 쥐를 폭넓게 이용할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다는 점에서 그 의의가 크다.