• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1402-1408
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• 2012

Mulberry pomace, a by-product obtained from mulberry juice, has not been utilized as food. In this study, antioxidant activities, proximate composition and physiochemical characteristics of mulberry pomace were evaluated and compared with those of mulberry fruit or mulberry concentrate. Mulberry fruit was pressed and filtered. The filtrate and residue were used as mulberry juice and mulberry pomace, respectively. Mulberry juice was evaporated, after which a concentrate ($24.7^{\circ}Brix$) was obtained. Moisture contents of mulberry concentrate, freeze-dried mulberry, and pomace were 68.7%, 6.03%, and 7.32%, respectively. Reducing sugar contents were 45.7% in freeze-dried mulberry, 24.5% in pomace, and 30.9% in mulberry concentrate. The pH and acidity of the three samples ranged from 5.80~5.92 and, 0.035~0.080%, respectively. Carbohydrate and crude ash contents were the highest in mulberry fruit, whereas crude protein, fat, and fiber contents were the highest in pomace. Redness of the Hunter color system was 4.7 in mulberry and 4.3 in pomace. Total phenolic content was the highest in mulberry fruit, whereas total flavonoid content was the highest in pomace. Antioxidant activities (DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radical scavenging activities) were enhanced in the order of mulberry fruit> pomace> mulberry concentrate. Especially, antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, of mulberry pomace were similar with those of mulberry fruit. Based on these results, freeze-dried mulberry pomace may be considered as a functional as well as an additive material for food processing.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1536-1541
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• 1999

Fruit leathers were manufactured from flesh and pomace of Japanese apricots and evaluated for their physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The contents of total dietary fiber(TDF) in Japanese apricot leathers(JAL) and Japanese apricot pomace leathers(JAPL) were 4.06% and 7.82%, respectively. One hundred grams of leather contained 368kcal in JAL and 352kcal in JAPL. Water activities of fruit leathers were 0.36 in JAL and 0.48 in JAPL. None of the factors had an effect on the microbiological counts of any of the organisms. The L, a and b values of the fruit leathers were higher in those made of JAF than those made of JAP. The fruit leathers made of JAF were harder than those made of JAP. Sensory panelists preferred fruit leathers made of JAP to those made of JAF in all attributes, except for their color.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.34-40
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• 2023

As agricultural production increases due to population growth, agricultural by-products that are generated at all production stages increase commensurately. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) treatment has potential as an environmentally friendly process to combat the environmental pollution caused by agricultural by-products. This study examined the utilization of BSF larvae in the decomposition of the by-products of apples and mandarins, fruits commonly produced in South Korea. The BSF test larvae were fed apple pomace or mandarin waste, and the control larvae were fed calf feed. Larval weight and size were measured at 4-day intervals until larvae reached the pre-pupal stage. Larval development time, survival rate, and BSF fecundity rate were calculated for all three substrates. Waste reduction and bioconversion ratios were also calculated. The developmental time of larvae fed with apple pomace and mandarin waste was greater than that of the control larvae. The average weight of larvae fed with the fruit by-products was less than that of the control. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of BSF larvae or the fecundity rate of BSF between the substrates used in this study. BSF larvae decomposed 48.0% and 61.5% of apple pomace and mandarin waste, respectively. The bioconversion efficiency rates of BSF larvae fed with apple pomace and mandarin waste were 9.1% and 12.1%, respectively. These results indicated that decomposition of single fruit by-products by BSF larvae is an environmentally friendly and effective bioconversion process.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2015

Grape products have been known to exert greater antioxidant and anti-obesity than anti-hyperglycemic effects in animals and humans. Omija is used as an ingredient in traditional medicine, and it is known to have an anti-hyperglycemic effect. We investigated whether the combined extracts of grape pomace and omija fruit (GE+OE) could reduce fat accumulation in adipose and hepatic tissues and provide beneficial effects against hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice. C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were fed either a normal control diet or GE+OE (0.5% grape pomace extract and 0.05% omija fruit extract, w/w) for 7 weeks. GE+OE decreased plasma leptin and resistin levels while increasing adiponectin levels and reducing the total white adipose tissue weight. Furthermore, GE+OE lowered plasma free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride, and total-cholesterol levels as well as hepatic FFA and cholesterol levels. Hepatic fatty acid synthase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were decreased in the GE+OE group, whereas hepatic ${\beta}$-oxidation activity was increased. Furthermore, GE+OE supplementation not only reduced hyperglycemia and pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell failure but also lowered blood glycosylated hemoglobin and plasma insulin levels. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels was also decreased and the decrease seems to be mediated by the lowered activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases. The present data suggest that GE+OE may have the potential to reduce hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of a combination of grape pomace (Vitis labrusca, Campbell Early) and Omija fruit (Schizandra chinensis, Baillon) ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed high-fat diet (control group, CON) or high-fat diet added 0.5% grape pomace extract (GPE), 0.05% Omija fruit extract (OFE) or 0.5% GPE plus 0.05% OFE (GPE+OFE) for 12 weeks. RESULTS: In contrast to the GPE- or OFE-supplemented groups, the GPE+OFE group showed significantly lower body weight and white adipose tissue weights than the CON group. Moreover, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol and increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratio (HTR) compared to the control diet. The hepatic triglyceride level was significantly lower in the GPE+OFE and GPE groups by increasing ${\beta}$-oxidation and decreasing lipogenic enzyme compared to the CON group. Furthermore, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities with a simultaneous decrease in liver $H_2O_2$ content compared to the control diet. CONCLUSIONS: Together our results suggest that supplementation with the GPE+OFE mixture may be more effective in improving adiposity, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice than those with GPE and OFE alone.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.5-13
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• 2019

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of anaerobic treatments of swine manure slurry alone and combination of livestock manure slurry and fruit pomace on biogas production. Anaerobic co-digestion was evaluated in mesophilic tank reactors for 96 day-incubation period. The organic matter loading of anaerobic digestion was 1 kg of volatile solids(VS) per $1m^3{\cdot}day$. The highest methane production was achieved from the combination of swine manure slury and mandarin pomace(70:30) treatment, whereas the lowest daily and cumulative methane yields was observed in swine manure slurry alone treatment. More than two-fold increase in bio-gas and methane production was obtained by combination of livestock manure slurry and mandarin pomace treatment, compared to the swine manure slurry alone treatment. The co-digestion of livestock manure and fruits pomace has advantages to enhance the production of methane gas, compared to digestion of swine manure slurry alone.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.189-201
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• 2016

A processing factor (PF) has been used to define the maximum residue limits of pesticide in a variety of processed fruit products. This study summarizes PF by the stage of fruit processing based on JMPR reports from 2010 to 2014. When we compared PF of 19 pesticides in apple products during the processing of washing, drying, canning, juice, sauce, puree and pomace, PF was higher than 1 only in pomace. In the comparison of 21 pesticides during the process of grape (washing, juice, wine and raisin), PF was higher than 1 in raisin. In the comparison of 19 pesticides during the process of orange (juice, oil and marmalade), PF was higher than 1 in oil. When 27 pesticides were compared during the process of tomato (juice, puree and paste), paste showed the highest PF value except pomace. During the process of plum (washing, drying and puree) with 12 pesticides, PF was higher than 1 in drying. The correlation coefficients between physical characteristics of pesticide (fat-solubility and volatility) and PF were statistically significant in the processes of apple juice, orange juice, tomato puree and paste and strawberry jam.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1345-1350
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extraction methods on the antioxidant activity of Citrus unshiu pomace. For this purpose, two kinds of citrus pomace (CP)s, whole fruit CP and pulp CP, were used for preparing the extracts with hot water or 70% ethanol. It is well-known fact that whole fruit CP has more calories and carbohydrates, although moisture content is higher in pulp CP. Further, whole fruit CP extracts have higher levels of total phenolic contents compared to CP extracts. In addition, DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities were also higher in whole fruit CP, especially in ethanolic extracts. Our results based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer showed that 70% ethanolic extract of whole fruit CP has the maximum levels of nobiletin and tangeretin contents. The levels of naringin, which is known as an antioxidant flavonoid, was determined only in the 70% ethanolic extract of whole fruit CP. This result, however, is consistent with the observed DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities. We had also performed a gas chromatography analysis that showed all the four extracts contained the compound hydroxymethyl furfural. Significantly, this compound has been reported to have antioxidant activity. Taken together, findings of this study indicate that ethanolic extraction of whole fruit CP is a good source of antioxidant compounds and hence the same could be utilized as an important method to obtain such beneficial compounds on an industrial scale.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.965-972
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• 2023

As the world population growth and economy develops, the importance of eco-friendly organic waste resource treatment and up-cycling increases. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) treats organic waste resources that allows it to be recycled as a feed resource. In this study, we analyzed the nutrients composition, amino acid, and fatty acids of BSF larvae fed three agricultural by-products, namely apple pomace, mandarin waste, and oriental melon waste (mainly generated in South Korea). The highest BSF larvae crude protein and amino acid content was obtained in those fed mandarin waste compared with the other two diets (apple pomace and oriental melon waste). BSF larvae fed apple pomace had the highest crude fat, fatty acid, and lauric acid content compared with the other BSF larvae. Furthermore, all crude protein and fat content of BSF larvae fed the three agricultural by-products exceed that of the original agricultural by-products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Objective: Ensiling of tannin-rich fruit byproducts (FB) involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the tannins, which would consequently change the rumen fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate whether ensiled FBs are effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants by conducting in vitro assessments. Methods: Fruit byproducts (grape pomace, wild grape pomace, and persimmon skin) were collected and subjected to four-week ensiling by Lactobacillus buchneri inoculant. A defined feed component with or without FB samples (both fresh and ensiled material) were subjected to in vitro anaerobic culturing using rumen fluid sampled from beef cattle, and the fermentation parameters and microbial populations were monitored. Results: Reduced methane production and a proportional change in total volatile fatty acids (especially enhanced propionate proportion) was noted in bottles containing the FBs compared with that in the control (without FB). In addition, we found lower gene copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA and considerably higher levels of one of the major fibrolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes) in the bottles containing FBs than in the control, particularly, when it was included in a forage-based feed. However, in the following cultivation experiment, we observed that FBs failed to exhibit a significant difference in methane production with or without polyethylene glycol, implying that tannins in the FBs may not be responsible for the mitigation of methane generation. Conclusion: The results of the in vitro cultivation experiments indicated that not only the composition but also ensiling of FBs affected rumen fermentation patterns and the degree of methane generation. This is primarily because of the compositional changes in the fibrous fraction during ensiling as well as the presence of readily fermented substrates, whereas tannins in these FBs seemed to have little effect on the ruminal fermentation kinetics.