• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional value and in situ degradability of fruit-vegetable byproducts and their feeding effects on performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Nutritional value and in situ degradability of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were assessed. In vivo feeding trial was also performed for 12 weeks. Thirty-six growing steers were randomly allocated into three groups according to body weight (BW) and age in 12 pens (4 replications/treatment) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: control (byproduct 0%), FV-B (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and CA-B (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). Results: The crude protein contents of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were 18.69%, 20.20%, and 10.07%, respectively. Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were higher in cabbage (22.31%) and Chinese cabbage (28.83%) than fruit-vegetable (13.94%). Higher concentrations of non-fiber carbohydrate were observed for fruit-vegetable (66.72%) than cabbage (44.93%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (24.69%). The effective degradability (ED) of both dry matter (DM) and NDF for fruit-vegetable byproduct (DM, 84.69%; NDF, 85.62%) was higher (p<0.05) than cabbage (DM, 68.47%; NDF, 55.97%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (DM, 68.09%; NDF, 54.22%). The DM intake was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. The average daily gain during the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.26, 1.25, and 1.34 kg/d for control, FV-B, and CA-B). The ED of both DM and NDF degradability of the total mixed ration (TMR) diets were very similar among treatments. Feed conversion ratio during the whole period showed no significant difference among treatments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts up to 20% and 30% (as fed basis), respectively can be included in TMR diets for growing beef cattle.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.330-333
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• 2005

The relationship between the contents of methyl trans-cinnamate and the ratio of DP/DS (diameter of pileus / diameter of stalk) in the fruit-body of Tricholoma matsutake during its development was investigated. The stages of development were divided as follows: stage A is less than 1, stage B is from 1 to less than 2, stage C is from 2 to less than 3, and stage D is more than 3 of the values of DP/DS. The contents of methyl trans-cinnamate in pileus and stalk of pine mushroom ranged from $77{\mu}g/g$ to $824{\mu}g/g$ and from $7.6{\mu}g/g$ to $22.4{\mu}g/g$, respectively during its development. In the part of pileus, there is no relevance of the methyl trans-cinnamate content of pine mushroom between the stage A and B, but there was significantly different among the stage of B, C and D. In the case of stalk, the relevance of the methyl trans-cinnamate content of pine mushroom between stage D and other stages showed a low difference. In addition, as pileus of pine mushroom developed the level of the aroma compound increased as well and showed higher correlation relationship ($r^2=0.877$) between the contents of methyl trans-cinnamate in the pileus and the ratio of DP/DS. From the results of this study, we can conclude that the aromatic component of pine mushroom can be deduced from the value of DP/DS, which indicates the stage of the development appearance.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.35-47
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• 2018

흰깔대기버섯(Clitocybe maxima) 총 6균주를 한국, 중국, 대만에서 수집 확보하였으며, 중국과 대만에서 각각 수집한 C. maxima와 L. giganteus는 중국명이 동일하고 배양적 특성 결과 동일종으로 판단되었다. 수집된 흰깔대기버섯 균주의 균사생장은 한천배지에서는 큰 차이가 없었으나 액체배양에서는 YPMG에서 가장 좋았다. 또한 균사생장 최적온도는 25℃, 자실체 유도 최적온도는 30℃로 밝혀졌으며 균사생장 최적 pH는 6.0-8.0으로 밝혀졌다. 흰깔대기버섯을 인공재배하기 위하여 농산부산물 및 임업부산물을 이용하여 배양적 특성 및 인공재배를 실시하였으며, 볏짚, 미루나무톱밥, 콘코브, 미송배지에서 균사 생장이 양호하여 이를 재배용 배지 재료로 선발하였다. 공시균주를 접종한 7 종류의 배지에서 균사생장 속도는 폐면, 혼합배지2, 미루나무톱밥 순으로 균사 생장이 양호하였다. 흰깔대기버섯을 인공재배하기에 가장 적합한 배지는 혼합배지2(배합비 : 활엽수톱밥 55%, 면실피펠렛 5%, 면실박 10%, 비트펄프 15%, 팽연왕겨 15%)이며, 배양에서부터 수확까지 30여일 소요되어 느타리버섯보다 빠른 수확이 가능하였다. CMA-003 균주는 공시된 모든 배지에서 자실체 유도처리 8~10일 후 자실체 원기 형성되었고, CMA-003 균주는 다발성 발이를, 그 외의 균주들은 개체발이를 보이며, 원기 발생 후 7~17일 생육으로 자실체 수확 할 수 있었다. 다발성인 CMA-003 균주의 대길이, 갓직경과 개체중량은 개체 발이하는 다른 균주들보다 작았지만, 수확률이 높아 농가 재배용 균주를 선발하였다. 흰깔대기버섯 자실체 유도 및 생육에 적합한 온도는 25~30℃, 백색형광등 8시간/1일 조사, 상대습도 : 90~95%, 재배실 CO₂ 농도 1,500 ppm 이하로 유지하여, 국내의 여름철 고온기에 냉방시설이 없는 간이재배사, 영세 느타리버섯 재배 농가에서 재배 가능하였다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.132-139
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• 2023

생육 시 사용하는 LED 조명색이 느타리류의 갓색과 수량, 형태에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알고자 하였다. 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 자실체의 전체적인 형태는 LED 조명색별로 차이를 보였는데, 청색과 자색이 일반적으로 생산하는 버섯 형태와 유사하였고 녹색은 조명이 없거나 약한 곳에서 자란 버섯형태를 보였다. 전체 품종의 청색, 녹색, 자색 LED에서 키운 버섯의 갓명도의 평균은 각각 57.0, 57.4, 59.4였다. 원형1호와 황금산타리를 제외하고는 세가지 LED 색에 따라 갓 명도의 평균이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 갓의 적색도는 LED 조명과 품종에 따라 많은 차이가 관찰되었다. 청색, 녹색, 자색에서 생육한 자실체의 갓색이 모두 음의 값을 나타낸 품종은 곤지7호의 갓색돌연변이인 곤지7호M이 유일하였다. 곤지7호를 제외한 8개 품종에서 청색에서 갓의 적색도가 가장 높았다. 전체 품종의 LED 조명색별 평균 수확량은 자색이 68.0 g, 청색 58.3 g, 녹색 50.1 g 이었다. 청색에서 가장 수확량이 많은 품종은 곤지7호로 92.8 g이었고 같은 품종의 녹색 처리구에서는, 77.1 g, 자색에서는 98.6 g이 수확되었다. 발이소요일수는 자색에서 생육한 버섯의 평균값이 5.3일로 가장 짧고, 청색에서 5.8일, 자색에서 5.8일 순이었다. 자색에서 가장 짧은 발이소요일수를 보인 품종은 6개, 녹색에서는 3개, 청색에서는 2개였다. 자실체의 길이는 생육 시 조사한 LED 조명색에 따라 녹색(66.4 mm) > 자색(51.8 mm) > 청색 (46.8 mm)의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과가 시장에서 요구하는 형질을 갖춘 버섯을 생산하는 기초가 될 것으로 사료한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1212-1220
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• 2019

The study of metabolomics in natural products using the diverse analytical instruments including GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR is useful for the exploration of physiological and biological effects and the investigation of drug discovery and health functional foods. Cordyceps militaris has been very attractive to natural medicine as a traditional Chinese medicine, due to its various bioactive properties including anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. In this study, we analyzed the metabolite profile in 50% ethanol extracts of C. militaris fruit bodies from three development periods (growth period, matured period, and aging period) using $^1H-NMR$, and identified 44 metabolites, which are classified as 16 amino acids, 10 organic acids, 5 carbohydrates, 3 nucleotide derivatives, and 10 other compounds. Among the three development periods of the C. militaris fruit body, the aging period showed significantly higher levels of metabolites including cordycepin, mannitol (cordycepic acid), and ${\beta}-glucan$. Interestingly, these bioactive metabolites are positively correlated with antitumor growth effect; the extract of the aging period showed significant inhibition of HepG2 hepatic cancer cell proliferation. These results showed that the aging period during the development of C. militaris fruit bodies was more highly enriched with bioactive metabolites that are associated with cancer cell growth inhibition.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 1975

Since the importance of casing in fruit body formation of Agaricus bisporus has been emphasized, physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials were discussed by many workers and a mixture of peat and mineral soil as proper casing material has been adopted in many of mushroom growing countries. Because of limited resources of peat in Korea, it is necessary to find practical performance and substitutional materials for casing. The effect of casing on mycelial growth and mushroom yield of A. bisporus varied with materials, its combination and practices etc. The experiments to be discussed in this paper are concerned with pH and Ca of casing material which influence A bisporus, and changes of physico-chemical characteristics with mixing ratio of casing materials and its effect on A. bisporus. The optimum range of moisture content of each material, management of watering and application of physico-chemical characteristics casing materials was also investigated and re-use of weathered spent compost for casing material was described. 1. The effect of calcium on mycelial growth of A. bisporus at various pH in Halbschalentest showed different results with calcium sources. Best results were obtained around neutrality and fresh weight of fruit bodies grown in the range of pH 7 to 8 was highest among the tested levels. 2. Available moisture, pore space, organic matter, cation exchangeable capacity and exchangeable cation was increased by an increase of mixing ratio of peat in casing materials, while an adverse effect was obtained by addition of sand. 3. Mycelial growth on clay loam was more rapid at a lower bulk density of 0.75g/cc and at 20% moisture content on a dry weight basis at the same bulk density. 4. Mixing ratio of casing materials, 60 to 80 per cent by volume of peat mixed with 20 to 40 per cent of clay loam produced the highest yield of fresh fruit bodies and sand the lowest. However, per cent of open cap was highest in peat and lowest in sand. 5. Days required for fruit body initiation was shortened in mixtures of peat and clay loam by one to three days compared with other materials and the formation of flushes was clear. 6. The effect of some physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials on the fresh weight of fruit bodies were estimated by a multiple regression equation; Y=-923.86+$8.18X_1+8.04X_2+7.90X_3+0.12X_4+2.03X_5-0.82X_6-0.54X_7$ where $X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6,X_7$ are sand, silt, clay, available moistuer, porosity, organic matter and exchangeable cation respectively. The productivity of certain casing material could be predicted from this equation. 7. Fresh weight of fruit bodies was positively correlated with porosity exchangeable cation, organic matter, available moisture, silt and clay of materials; while sand was negatively correlated. On the contrary, sand was the unique factor reducing per cent of open cap. 8. Distribution of three phases of high productive casing material was concentrated in the range of 10 to 30 per cent solids, 15 to 30 per cent liquids, and 50 to 60 per cent in air volume. 9. Fresh weight of fruit bodies from peat was not affected with heavy watering but in clay loam and sandy loam severe crop losses occurred. Fresh weight of individual fruit was increased and open caps were decreased with heavy watering but light watering resulted in adverse effects: its effect was especially great in peat. 10. Optimum range of moisture content by weight on a dry basis was different with each casing material. To maintain optimum moisture content concerned with yield of fruit bodies and open cap, sandy loam and peat mixtures required daily watering of 0.6, 0.6 to 1. 2 and 1.2 to 2.4 liters per $3.3m^2$ of bed area, respectively. 11. Maximum yield of fruit body was recorded in the range of pF 2. 0 to 2. 5 of casing materials if organic matter content was below 4.2 per cent and in pF 1. 3 to 1.8 if above 7.1%. 12. pF curve of a certain casing material could be draws from moisture content at various pF values by multiple regression equations provided texture, organic matter and calcium of the casing material are given. Optimum moisture range of the casing materials also could be estimated by the equation. 13. It was possible to improve the phyico-chemical characteristics of clay loam and sandy loam by addition of weathered spent compost although the effect was less than in the case of peat. Fresh weight of fruit bodies wsa increased by addition of weathered spent compost but its effect was not as remarkable as peat. Accordingly, further studies will be required.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2016

팽이버섯 병재배용 배지재료 중 수분함량, 질소함량 등 품질의 균일화 정도가 낮은 콘코브의 대체 재료를 선발하고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 카사바줄기칩과 콘코브의 혼합비율을 콘코브의 3분의 1를 카사바줄기칩으로 대체한 33:67(T-1), 콘코브의 3분의 2를 카사바줄기칩으로 대체한 67:33(T-2), 콘코브와 비트펄프의 전량을 카사바줄기칩으로 대체한 100:0(T-3)와 0:100(대조)에 따른 자실체 수량을 비교하였다. 살균후 배지수분 함량이 65% 수준에서 처리구 T-1과 T-2는 자실체 수량이 282.7 g과 274.0 g으로 대조구의 259.9 g/1,100ml에 비하여 108.8%와 105.4%로 많았다. 처리별 병당 배지 재료비는 T-1이 97원, T-2가 84원으로 대조구의 104원에 비하여 각각 7%, 19%가 절감되었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro using natural products sangju dungsi, chungdo bansi, kabju baekmok three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts and to develop a high - functional anti - obesity substance with reduced body fat. Methods : The antioxidative effect of the three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts was determined by hot water extraction, 30% EtOH extraction and 70% EtOH extraction. The antioxidant activities were evaluated through radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Furthermore, we examined total phenol and flavonoids contents. And the pancreatic lipase inhibition was measured by selecting the sangju dungsi extract with antioxidant effect. Results : The yield of water, 30% and 70% EtOH extract from young persimmon fruit was sangju dungsi (water 8.3%, 30% EtOH 18.1%, 70% EtOH 16.9%), chungdo bansi (water 16.2%, 30% EtOH 16.1%, 70% EtOH 11.6%), kabju baekmok (water 16%, 30% EtOH 16.8%, 70% EtOH 11.5%). The sangju dungsi 30% EtOH extract eminent DPPH ($IC_{50}$, $19.25{\pm}2.94{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and ABTS ($IC_{50}$, $19.94{\pm}4.07{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) radical scavenging activity, and total phenol $52.37{\pm}0.78mg/g$ and flavonoid $7.97{\pm}0.13mg/g$ contents were also excellent. It also showed excellent pancreatic lipase inhibition efficacy. Conclusion : The extracts from the three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts showed excellent antioxidant activity. sangju dungsi 30% EtOH extract may be a new anti-obesity material by reducing fat absorption through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase.

• Mycobiology
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2022

Schizophyllum commune has emerged as the most promising model mushroom to study developmental stages (mycelium, primordium), which are two primary processes of fruit body development. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been proved to participate in fruit development and sex differentiation in fungi. However, potential lncRNAs have not been identified in S. commune from mycelium to primordium developmental stages. In this study, lncRNA-seq was performed in S. commune and 61.56 Gb clean data were generated from mycelium and primordium developmental stages. Furthermore, 191 lncRNAs had been obtained and a total of 49 lncRNAs were classified as differently expressed lncRNAs. Additionally, 26 up-regulated differently expressed lncRNAs and 23 down-regulated between mycelium and primordia libraries were detected. Further, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs target genes from the MAPK pathway, phosphatidylinositol signal, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy, and cell cycle. This study provides a new resource for further research on the relationship between lncRNA and two developmental stages (mycelium, primordium) in S. commune.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

국립원예특작과학원 버섯과에 보존하고 있는 볏짚버섯속(Agrocybe ) 30균주에 대하여 버섯발생 실험을 실시하고, 자실체의 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 볏짚버섯속 균주중 톱밥배지를 사용한 병재배에서 자실체가 발생된 것은 19균주 이었다. 이중 ASI 19007 등 13균주(I; A. chaxingu )와, ASI 19003 등 5균주(II; A. cylindracea ), ASI 19008(III; Agrocybe sp.)로 그룹 지어졌는데, ASI 19008은 균배양기간, 버섯발생기간 등 재배적 특성과 자실체의 형태적 특징이 다른 2그룹과 차이가 많았다. 또한 재배 계절에 따라 재배적 특성이 다르게 나타났는데 봄, 가을, 겨울에는 ASI 19003 균주가, 여름에는 ASI 19007 균주가 수량이 많고 품질도 좋았다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 계절에 알맞은 품종의 선택을 통하여 볏짚버섯속균의 연중 안정생산이 가능하여 농가소득 증대에 기여할 것으로 본다.