• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2000

Protections from the frost damage at early ages are one of the serious problems to be considered in cold weather concreting. Frost damage at early ages brings about the harmful influences on the concrete structures such as surface cracks and declination of strength development. Therefore, in this paper, protecting periods of frost damage at early ages according to the standard specifications provided in KCI(Korean Concrete Institute) are suggested by appling logistic curve, which evaluates the strength development of concrete with maturity. W/B, kinds of cement and curing temperatures are selected as test parameters. According to the results, the estimation of strength development by logistic curve has a good agreement between calculated values and measured values. As W/B and compressive strength for protecting from frost damages at early ages increase, it is prolonged. It shows that the protecting periods of FAC(Fly Ash Cement) and BSC(Blast-furnace Slag Cement) concrete are longer than those of OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement) concrete. The protecting peridos from frost damage at early age by JASS are somewhat shorter than those by this paper.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2013

Concrete undergoing early frost damage in cold weather will experience significant loss of not only strength, but also of permeability and durability. Accordingly, concrete codes like ACI-306R prescribe a minimum compressive strength and duration of curing to prevent frost damage at an early age and secure the quality of concrete. Such minimum compressive strength and duration of curing are mostly defined based on the strength development of concrete. However, concrete subjected to frost damage at early age may not show a consistent relationship between its strength and durability. Especially, since durability of concrete is of utmost importance in nuclear power plant structures, this relationship should be imperatively clarified. Therefore, this study verifies the feasibility of the minimum compressive strength specified in the codes like ACI-306R by evaluating the strength development and the durability preventing the frost damage of early age concrete for nuclear power plant. The results indicate that the value of 5 MPa specified by the concrete standards like ACI-306R as the minimum compressive strength to prevent the early frost damage is reasonable in terms of the strength development, but seems to be inappropriate in the viewpoint of the resistance to chloride ion penetration and freeze-thaw. Consequently, it is recommended to propose a minimum compressive strength preventing early frost damage in terms of not only the strength development, but also in terms of the durability to secure the quality of concrete for nuclear power plants in cold climates.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.629-634
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• 2001

Recently, to consider financial and constructive aspect, usage of Admixture, like Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly-Ash, are increased. Also the use of cold-weather-concrete is increased. Blast-furnace Slag, a by-product of steel industry, have many advantage, to reduce the heat of hydration, increase in ultimate strength and etc. But it also reduces early-age strength, so it is prevented from using of Blast-Furnace Slag at cold-weather-concrete. In this study, for the purpose of increasing usage of Blast-Furnace Slag at cold-weather-concrete, it is investigated the strength properties of concrete subjected to frost damage for the cause of early age curing. According to this study, if early curing is carried out before having frost damage, the strength of concrete, subjected to frost damage, is recovered. And that properties is not connected with the frost cause.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 초기재령 콘크리트가 동해를 입을 경우가 예상될 때, 동해저항성을 확보하는데 필요한 최소 양생 시간의 예측법을 제안하는 것이다. 먼저, 실험을 통하여 동해시점이 지연될수록, w/c가 낮을수록, 그리고 1종 시멘트보다 3종 시멘트를 사용한 콘크리트가 동해에 의한 압축강도 감소율이 낮으며 동해는 얼음결정의 형성과 성장을 통해 발생됨을 확인하였다. 초기재령 콘크리트가 동해를 입었을 경우, 콘크리트 내에 존재하는 모세공극의 자유수가 얼음으로 상변화를 일으키면서 압축강도의 감소를 유발하므로 동해저항성은 모세공극의 포화도에 따라 결정된다. 따라서, 모세공극의 임계포화도 개념을 근거로 초기동해의 방지를 위한 최소양생시간의 예측법을 제안하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

Recently, to consider economical and constructive aspect, Usage of Admixture, like Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly-Ash, are increased. Blast-Furnace Slag, a by-product of steel industry, have many advantage, to reduce the heat of hydration, increase in ultimate strength and etc. But it also reduces early-age strength, it is prevented from using of Blast-Furnace Slag at cold-weather-concrete. In this study, for the purpose of increasing usage of Blast-Furnace Slag at cold-weather-concrete, it is investigated the strength properties of concrete subjected to time and period of frost damage for early age curing. According to this study, if early age curing is carried out before having frost damage, the strength of concrete, subjected to frost damage, is recovered. And that properties is not connected with the frost cause.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.523-534
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of heat curing methods on the temperature history and strength development of slab concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$. The goal was to determine proper heat curing methods for the protection of nuclear power plant structures against early-age frost damage under adverse (cold) conditions. Two types of methods were studied: heat insulation alone and in combination with a heating cable. For heat curing with heat insulation alone, either sawdust or a double layer bubble sheet (2-BS) was applied. For curing with a combination of heat insulation and a heating cable, an embedded heating cable was used with either a sawdust cover, a 2-BS cover, or a quadruple layer bubble sheet (4-BS) cover. Seven different slab specimens with dimensions of $1200{\times}600{\times}200$ mm and a design strength of 27 MPa were fabricated and cured at $-10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. The application of sawdust and 2-BS allowed the concrete temperature to fall below $0^{\circ}C$ within 40 h after exposure to $-10^{\circ}C$, and then, the temperature dropped to $-10^{\circ}C$ and remained there for 7 d owing to insufficient thermal resistance. However, the combination of a heating cable plus sawdust or 2-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $5^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Moreover, the combination of the heating cable and 4-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. This was due to the continuous heat supply from the heating cable and the prevention of heat loss by the 4-BS. For maturity development, which is an index of early-age frost damage, the application of heat insulation materials alone did not allow the concrete to meet the minimum maturity required to protect against early-age frost damage after 7 d, owing to poor thermal resistance. However, the combination of the heating cable and the heat insulating materials allowed the concrete to attain the minimum maturity level after just 3 d. In the case of strength development, the heat insulation materials alone were insufficient to achieve the minimum 7-d strength required to prevent early-age frost damage. However, the combination of a heating cable and heat insulating materials met both the minimum 7-d strength and the 28-d design strength owing to the heat supply and thermal resistance. Therefore, it is believed that by combining a heating cable and 4-BS, concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$ can be effectively protected from early-age frost damage and can attain the required 28-d compressive strength.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2003

동절기 콘크리트 시공에 있어서 낮은 외기온에 따른 콘크리트의 강도발현이 저하되며, 동결 및 융해에 따른 콘크리트의 내부조직의 이상으로 인해 내구성이 저하하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 한중콘크리트 제조시 조기강도를 확보하기 위해 혼화재의 사용을 경시하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 한중콘크리트의 제조시 혼화재의 사용에 따른 초기동해의 영향을 평가하기 위한 실험을 실시한 것으로서, 초기동해를 입히기 위한 실험 조건으로서, 본 연구는 초기 재령에서 콘크리트에 영향을 미치는 동결온도 및 동결지속시간, 초기양생시간에 따른 혼화재를 사용한 콘크리트의 강도발현특성을 검토하였으며, 실험조건으로서 초기양생기간을 비빔 직후, 12, 24, 48시간, 동결시간을 12, 24, 48시간, 동결온도는 -1, -10, $-15^{\circ}C$로 설정하여 실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 실험결과 고로슬래그 미분말의 대체율이 증가할수록 초기재령에서의 강도발현은 지연되는 것으로 나타났으나, 응결을 고려할 경우 고로슬래그 미분말 대체율 20%까지는 거의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동결에 따른 강도발현특성을 살펴보면, 비빔 직후 동결시킨 경우에서는 동결온도와 상관없이 재령 28일에 있어서 동결 받지 않은 경우의 80%를 발현하는 것으로 나타났으나, 12시간 이상 양생을 실시한 후 동결시킨 경우에 있어서는 동결온도 및 동결시간과 상관없이 동결시키지 않은 경우와 거의 유사한 강도를 발현하는 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 실험조건에서 혼화재를 사용한 경우에 있어서는 고로슬래그 미분말에 의한 강도회복효과가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 동절기 초기재령에서 적절한 양생을 실시한다면, 한중콘크리트 제조시 고로슬래그 및 플라이애시와 같은 혼화재의 사용에 따른 콘크리트의 성능향상 효과가 매우 클 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2020

본 논문은 전기로 산화 슬래그를 굵은 골재로 적용하여 제작된 콘크리트에 대하여 초기 재령 시기에 동결 피해를 받았을 때 발생하는 성능 저하에 대한 콘크리트의 역학적 특성과 공극 구조를 평가하고자 하였다. 본 연구에 따르면, 전기로 산화 슬래그 골재를 혼입한 콘크리트의 초기동결 피해가 발생할 경우, 100~150 ㎛ 영역에 존재하던 공극의 피크점이 큰 영역으로 이동하며, 24시간을 초과하지 않도록 해야 200 ㎛ 미만의 공극이 유지되고 500 ㎛ 이상의 공극이 증가하지 않으므로 동결 저항성 개선이 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 전기로 산화 슬래그와 BFS를 함께 사용하면, 천연골재를 사용한 경우에 비해 상대 압축강도가 증가하였다. 한편, 탄성계수 및 공명진동수의 경우, 압축강도와 비교하여 초기동결로 인해 크게 변화하지 않으므로, 초기동결 피해에 관한 성능 저하를 평가하기 위해서는 각 실험 요소간의 상호관계를 분석해야 할 필요가 있다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2016년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.150-151
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• 2016

In previous study, researchers studied development of early anti-freezing cement at low temperature (-5℃) using hydration characteristics of reduction slag. In this study, the durability of concrete using reduction slag was conducted. The experiment result, reduction slag makes high temperature and improves compressive strength due to quick setting. And then result of durability show that it is no problem. However, it is considered that further study is needed about high shrinkages which was indicated in dry shrinkage.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2016년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.203-204
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• 2016

In this research, it used cement power and reduction slag, which generates high hydration heat in hydration reation without heat cure below -5℃ degree. Purpose of final research is preventing freezing and thawing by making the compressive strength 5MPa in 3days below zero temperature due to own heat of concrete. and it is the result of physical characteristic and thermal property evaluation of reduction slag. Because reduction sag generates high hydration heat, compressive strength development is excellent. By generating highly Hydration heat by C₁₂A₇ and C₃A in reduction slag, compressive strength is developed in low temperature. In case of displacing only reduction slag without SO₃, it is indicated that quick-setting occurs by shortage of SO₃. For preventing quick-setting, gypsum is used essentially. According to this research result, in case of using reduction slag and gypsum as a ternary system, Compressive strength developed 5MPa in 3days below zero temperature. It is identified to prevent early frost damage of concrete below zero temperature.