• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to quantitate regional neurochemical profile of regional normal adult mice brain and assess regional metabolic differences by using ex vivo $^1H$ high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ($^1H$ HR-MAS NMRS). The animals were matched in sex and age. The collected brain tissue included frontal cortex, temporal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Quantitative 1D spectra were acquired on 40 samples with the CPMG pulse sequence (8 kHz spectral window, TR/TE = 5500/2.2 ms, NEX = 128, scan time: 17 min 20 sec). The mass of brain tissue and $D_2O$+TSP solvent were 8~14 mg and 7~13 mg. A total of 16 metabolites were quantified as follow: Acet, NAA, NAAG, tCr, Cr, tCho, Cho, GPC + PC, mIns, Lac, GABA, Glu, Gln, Tau and Ala. As a results, Acet, Cho, NAA, NAAG and mIns were showed significantly different aspects on frontal cortex, hippocampus, temporal cortex and thalamus respectively. The present study demonstrated that absolute metabolite concentrations were significantly different among four brain regions of adult mice. Our finding might be helpful to investigate brain metabolism of neuro-disease in animal model.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 1997

We evaluated the in vivo kinetics, distribution, and pharmacology of N-(4-[$^{18}F$]fluoromethylbenzyl)spiperone ([$^{18}F$]FMBS), a newly developed derivative of spiperone, as a potentially more selective radiotracer for the dopamine (DA) $D_2$ receptors. Mice received 1.9-3.7 MBq (1.8-3.6 nmol/kg) of [$^{18}F$]FMBS by tail vein injection. The time course and regional distribution of the tracer in brain were assessed. Blocking studies were carried out by intravenously preinjecting DA $D_2$ receptor blockers (spiperone, butaclamol) as well as drugs with high affinity for DA $D_1$ (SCH 23390), DA transporter (GBR 12909), and serotonin $S_2$ ($5-HT_2$) (ketanserin) sites. After injection of the tracer, the radioactivity in striatum increased steadily over time, resulting in a striatal-to-cerebellar ratio of 4.8 at 120 min postinjection. By contrast, the radioactivity in cerebellum, frontal cortex, and remaining cortex washed out rapidly. Preinjection of unlabeled FMBS (1 mg/kg) and spiperone (1 mg/kg) reduced [$^{18}F$]FMBS striatal-to-cerebellar ratio by 41% and 80%, respectively. (+)-Butaclamol (1 mg/kg) blocked 80% of the striatal [$^{18}F$]FMBS binding, while (-)-butaclamol (1 mg/kg) did not. Preinjection of SCH 23390 (1 mg/kg) and GBR 12909 (5 mg/kg) had no significant effect on [$^{18}F$]FMBS binding. Ketanserin (1 mg/kg), a ligand for the $5-HT_2$ receptors, did not cause significant inhibition either in striatum, in frontal cortex, or the remaining cortex. The results demonstrate that [$^{18}F$]FMBS labels DA $D_2$ receptors selectively in vivo in the mouse brain. It may hold promise as a selective radiotracer for studying DA $D_2$ receptors in vivo by PET.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1350-1357
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• 2017

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether the long-lasting, recurrent restricting of sows leads to the physiological and psychological reaction of discomfort. Methods: Sows (Large White) that had experienced restricting for about 0.5 or 3 years and agematched sows kept in a group housing system (loose sows) were compared. Pupillary light reflex parameters were measured at the weaning stage. Immediately after slaughter, blood samples were taken to measure serum cortisol levels, and the brain was dissected, gene expression in the hippo-campus, frontal cortex and hypothalamus was analyzed. Results: The serum cortisol levels were higher in the confined sows than in the loose sows. The full maturity, but not the young adolescent, confined sows had longer latency time in the onset of pupil constriction than their loose counterparts. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed an increased expression of interleukin 6 mRNA in the hippocampus and decreased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in hippocampus and hypothalamus and to a lesser extent in the frontal cortex of the full maturity confined sows, compared with the full maturity loose sows. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicated that recurrent restricting stress in full maturity sows leads to the physiological and psychological reaction of discomfort.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.754-761
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• 2001

Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E on antioxidant vitamin status were studied in rat brain sections. Sources of dietary fat(10t%) were safflower oil(SO) poor in $\omega$3 fatty acid and mixed oil (MO) with computer-adjustd fatty acid ratios(AA/DHA=1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA=2.%)with (ME) and without(MO) vitamin E(500mg/kg diet). Rats were fed the three kinds of diet from 3-4 wks prior to the conception. At the age of 3 & 9wks of the 2nd generation rat, antioxidant vitamins were measured in frontal cortex(FC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum(CB) and hippocampus(HP) using a multiwavelength, reverse phase gradient HPLC system. The levels of antioxidant vitamins converged to the similar value in all groups at 9 wks of age. Retinol, lycopene and cryptoxanthin levels of all experimental groups were found to be the highest in hippocampus at both 3 & 9wks of age. The levels of vitamin E appeared to be higher in the order of HP>CS-CB>FC in MO & ME. Beta-carotene and retinol showed the lowest level in hippocampus of vitamin E supplemented groups, even though vitamin E level tended to be higher in other sections. It seemed that vitamin E has an inhibitory action on the uptake of beta-carotene or acts as a preferred antioxidant to beta-carotene in certain section of the brain. By improving fatty acid balance (AA/DHA = 1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA = 2%), the levels of vitamin E, retinol, lycopene & beta=carotene tended to be higher in MO than in SO, although crytoxanthin became lower at 3wks of age. In short, dietary fatty acids and vitamin E have different influence on antioxidant vitamin status in different rat brain sections. The higher levels of antioxidant vitamins in hippocampus should be pursued further in relation to behavioral development of rats.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2001

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of Guibi-tang and Yisiungyojae-dan on the contents of monoamines in the regional brain of mice immobilized stress. Methods : The experimental animals were immobilized in stress cylinder(height: 15cm, diameter: 3cm) for 15 minutes, and administered of Guibi-tang(6.0mg/10g) and Yishingyojae-dan(9.3mg/10g) water extracts for 7 days before stress. The monoamines contents were measured by HPLC method in various part(frontal cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and hippocampus) of mice brain. Results: 1. In frontal cortex, the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significantly in Yishingyojae-dan administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. 2. In hypothalamus, the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significantly in Yishingyojae-dan administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. 3. In corpus striatum, the contents of dopamine were decreased with statistical significantly in Yishingyojae-dan administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. 4. In hippocampus, the contents of serotonin decreased with statistical significantly in Yishingyojae-dan administered group compared to control group. Conclusions: This study shows that Guibitang and Yishingyojae-don are significantly effective on reducing and preventing stress in mice. In addition, Yishingyojae-dan is more clear effective than Guibi-tang on the monoamines change in the mice brain.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2001

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of Ansymondam-tang and Gamiondam-tang on the contents of monoamines in the regional brain of mice forced cold swimming stress in $4^{\circ}C$ water. Methods : The experimental animals were forced cold swimming stress for 3 minutes, and administered of Ansymondam-tang(2.2mg/10g) and Gamiondam-tang(0.83mg/10g) extract for 7 days before stress. The monoamines contents were measured by HPLC method in various part(frontal cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and hippocampus) of mice brain. Results: 1. In frontal cortex, the contents of norepinephrine were increased with statistical significantly in all of the administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine and serotonin were increased in Gamiondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. 2. In hypothalamus, the contents of dopamine were increased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. 3. In corpus striatum the contents of norepinephrine were decreased and the contents of dopamine were increased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were increased in Gamiondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. 4. In hippocampus the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significance in Gamiondam-tang administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine were increased in Ansymondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. Conclusion : This study reaches a conclusion that Ansymondam-tang and Gamiondam-tang has significant effects .on reducing and preventing stress in mice. Especially Gamiondam-tang is more effective in the statistical significance than Ansymondam-tang on the monoamines change in the mice brain.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 2003

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of Palmuljungjiwon and Gamipalmuljungjiwon on the contents of monoamines in the regional brain of mice immobilized stress. The experimental animals were immobilized in stress cylinder(height: 15cm, diameter: 3cm) for 15 minutes, and administered of Palmuljungjiwon(1.14mg/l0g) and Gamipalmuljungjiwon(1.17mg/10g) water extract for 7 days before stress. The monoamines contents were measured by HPLC method in various part(frontal cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and hippocampus) of mice brain. The following results were obtained : 1. In frontal cortex, the contents of norepinephrine a little decreased in all of the administered group, but the statistical significance was not recognized. The contents of dopamine were decreased with statistical significantly in Gamipalmuljungjiwon administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in PalmulJungjiwon administered group compared to control group. 2. In hypothalamus, the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significantly in all of the administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine were decreased in all of the administered group compared to control group, but the statistical significance was not recognized. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significantly in Gamipalmuljungjiwon administered group compared to control group. 3. In corpus striatum, the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significantly in Gamipalmuljungjiwon administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine were decreased in all of the administered group compared to control group, but the statistical significance was not recognized. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group 4. In hippocampus, the content of norepinephrine and dopamine a little decreased in all of the administered group, but the statistical significance was not recognized. The contents of serotonin were decreased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. In conclusion, this study shows that Palmuljungjiwon and Gamipalmuljungjiwon are significantly effective on reducing and preventing stress in mice.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1997

Longterm memory is encoded in the neuronal connectivities of the brain. The most successful models of human memory in their operations are models of distributed and self-organized associative memory, which are founded in the principle of simulaneous convergence in network formation. Memory is not perceived as the qualities inherent in physical objects or events, but as a set of relations previously established in a neural net by simultaneousy occuring experiences. When it is easy to find correlations with existing neural networks through analysis of network structures, memory is automatically encoded in cerebral cortex. However, in the emergence of informations which are complicated to classify and correlated with existing networks, and conflictual with other networks, those informations are sent to the subcortex including hippocampus. Memory is stored in the form of templates distributed across several different cortical regions. The hippocampus provides detailed maps for the conjoint binding and calling up of widely distributed informations. Knowledge about the distribution of correlated networks can transform the existing networks into new one. Then, hippocampus consolidats new formed network. Amygdala may enable the emotions to influence the information processing and memory as well as providing the visceral informations to them. Cortico-striatal-pallido-thalamo-cortical loop also play an important role in memory function with analysis of language and concept. In case of difficulty in processing in spite of parallel process of informations, frontal lobe organizes theses complicated informations of network analysis through temporal processing. With understanding of brain mechanism of memory and information processing, the brain mechanism of mental phenomena including psychopathology can be better explained in terms of neurobiology and meuropsychology.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.203-209
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• 2010

Objectives : Increasing evidence suggests the presence of neurobiological bases for temperamental characteristics in humans. Brain correlates of harm avoidance(HA) have been most extensively studied using functional and structural brain imaging methods due to its potential link with anxiety and depressive disorders. To date, however, we are not aware of any reports that have examined the potential relationship between HA levels and regional cortical thickness. The aim of the current study is to examine the cortical thickness which is associated with HA temperament in healthy young subjects. Methods : Twenty-eight young, healthy individuals(13 men and 15 women, mean age, $29.4{\pm}6.3$ years) were screened for eligibility and administered the Korean version of the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory and underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Results : HA was associated with cortical thickness in the right superior frontal cortex and in the left parietal cortex, adjusted for age and sex and corrected for multiple comparisons using the permutation testing method. Conclusion : Individual temperamental differences in HA are associated with structural variations in specific areas of the brain. The fact that these brain regions are involved in top-down modulations of subcortical fear reactions adds functional significance to current findings.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.126-140
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• 2006

Purpose: Contrary to the human study, it has rarely investigated metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of depressed rats versus age and sex-matched controls using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Thus, the purpose of this research was to verify the feasibility of metabolic differences between the normal rat and the depression model rat. Materials and Methods: A homogeneous group of 20 SD male rats was used for MRI and in vivo 1H MRS. To induce a depressed status in SD rats, we performed the forced swimming test (FST). Using image-guide, water suppressed in vivo 1H MRS with 4.7 T MRI/MRS system, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were mainly measured between depressed rats and normal subjects. Results: In depressed rats, increased Cho/Cr ratio was measured versus control subjects. However, no significant group effect for NAA/Cr was observed between case-control pairs. Discussion and Conclusions: The present 1H MRS study shows significant brain metabolic alterations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with experimental depressed status of SD rat induced by FST compared to normal subjects. This result provides new evidence that in vivo 1 H MRS may be a useful modality for detecting localized functional neurochemical markers alterations in left DLPFC in SD rats.