• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2004

The effect of bronze sintered friction materials on frictional and mechanical properties is studied with the content(8~18 wt,%) and shapes (flake and irregular) of graphite that is used as solid lubricants to meet diverse characteristics such as low coefficient of friction, low wear rate and high bending strength. The content and shapes of graphite are optimized by statistical experiments. Friction test was carried out measure friction coefficient, temperature dependence and wear rate. As a result of experiments, the density, hardness and bending strength with a shape of flake graphite are lower and decrease rapidly than that of Irregular, as the content of graphite increases up to 18 wt% Aftei friction test, coefficient of friction is 0.3~0 4 and wear rate is $0.32{\sim}2.98{\times}10^{-7}cm^3/kg{\cdot}m$. When the content of graphite increases, coefficient of friction increases In a shape of flake graphite and decreases in a shape of irregular graphite.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2009

For precise tracking control of a servo system with nonlinear friction, a robust friction compensation scheme is presented in this paper. The nonlinear friction is difficult to identify the friction parameters exactly through experiments. Friction parameters can be also varied according to contact conditions such as the variation of temperature and lubrication. Thus, in order to overcome these problems and obtain the desired position tracking performance, a robust adaptive back-stepping control scheme with a dual friction observer is developed. In addition, to estimate lumped friction uncertainty due to modeling errors, a DEKF recurrent neural network and adaptive reconstructed error estimator are also developed. The feasibility of the proposed control scheme is verified through the experiment fur a ball-screw system.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2019

마찰교반용접(Friction Stir Welding) 기술은 금속 소재를 대상으로 하는 용접기술 중의 하나로 용접대상이 되는 소재와 고속으로 회전하는 용접툴 사이의 마찰로 인한 열을 활용하여 소재의 융점 이하 온도에서 접합하는 기술이다. 이번 연구에서는 마찰교반용접을 진행할 때, 용접 대상물의 내부 온도 변화를 분석하기 위한 방법으로 수치해석기법을 사용하였다. 용접소재로는 마그네슘 합금인 AZ31을 고려하였으며, 용접현상을 멜팅풀(melting-pool)이 생성되는 유동특성으로 간주하고 유동해석을 수행하기 위해 유동특성 수치해석 툴인 FLUENT를 이용하였다. 용접과정의 유동해석을 진행하기 위해 용접소재는 고점도 뉴턴 유체로 가정하였고, 용접툴과 용접대상 소재의 경계면은 마찰 및 미끄러짐이 동시에 발생하는 조건으로 경계조건을 선정하였다. 그리고 용접툴의 회전속도 및 용접속도를 변수로 하여 다양한 해석을 진행하였다. 해석 결과로부터 용접툴의 회전속도가 높을수록, 용접속도가 느릴수록 소재 내 최고온도가 증가함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 그 중 용접툴의 회전속도 차이가 온도 변화에 더 큰 영향을 보임을 확인하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.687-692
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• 2016

엔진에 터보차져를 사용하게 되면 엔진의 출력도 향상되지만 동시에 엔진의 온도도 높아지게 된다. 특히 피스톤의 경우는 냉각이 문제가 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 오일 젯을 사용하는데, 오일 젯은 오일을 피스톤의 밑 부분에 분사하여 피스톤을 냉각시키는 것이다. 오일 젯이 사용된다면, 오일의 분사로 인하여 오일 유량의 증가및 피스톤으로부터의 열전달에 의하여 높아진 오일 온도 문제를 해결하기 위하여 오일 펌프 용량 증대와 오일 쿨러의 사용이 필요하다. 그러나 용량 증대 오일 펌프와 오일 쿨러를 사용하면 엔진의 마찰 토크가 증가하는 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 오일 젯, 오일 쿨러 및 오일 펌프의 용량 증대로 인하여 엔진의 마찰 토크가 증가하는 정도에 대하여 연구하였다. 또한 각 부품의 사양을 변경함에 따라 마찰 토크가 얼마나 영향을 받는가도 측정되었다. 저속에서는 오일 펌프와 오일 쿨러에 의한 영향이 크고 고속에서는 오일 쿨러에 의한 영향이 큼을 알 수 있었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2014

The friction behaviors of bulk amorphous thermal spray coating (BAC) and second phase-reinforced composite coatings using a high velocity oxy-fuel spraying process were investigated using a ball-on-disk test rig that slides against a ceramic ball in an atmospheric environment. The surface temperatures were measured using an infrared thermometer installed 50 mm from the contact surface. The crystallinities of the coating layers were determined using X-ray diffraction. The morphologies of the coating layers and worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the friction behavior of the monolithic amorphous coating was sensitive to the testing conditions. Under lower than normal loads, a low and stable friction coefficient of about 0.1 was observed, whereas under a higher relative load, a high and unstable friction coefficient of greater than 0.3 was obtained with an instant temperature increase. For the composite coatings, a sudden increase in friction coefficient did not occur, i.e., the transition region did not exist and during the friction test, a gradual increase occurred only after a significant delay. The BAC morphology observations indicate that viscous plastic flow was generated with low loads, but severe surface damage (i.e., tearing) occurred at high loads. For composite coatings, a relatively smooth surface was observed on the worn surface for all applied loads.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.26-29
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• 2013

마찰교반용접(FSW) 및 마찰교반처리(FSP) 기술 관련 국제 심포지움인 'Friction Stir Welding & Processing VII'에서 발표된 연구논문의 내용을 토대로 아래와 같이 최신 연구개발 동향을 정리하였다. ${\cdot}$ 알루미늄합금과 마그네슘합금의 경량금속에 대한 마찰교반용접이 주류를 이루었던 과거와 달리 최근에는 구조용 연강, 고강도강, 초내열합금 및 타이타늄 합금 등의 고융점 금속재료에 대한 마찰교반용접 공정기술 및 툴의 개발이 수행되고 있다. ${\cdot}$ 주조재 표면 조직의 균질화 및 나노 사이즈의 초미세 결정립 조직을 얻기 위한 개질(改質)을 비롯하여 CNTs 및 Graphene 등의 첨단 탄소소재를 판재의 표면에 코팅 또는 판재 내부에 분산시켜 금속기 나노탄소복합재(MMNCC: Metal Matrix Nano Carbon Composites)의 제조 및 기계적 특성 향상을 목적으로 하는 FSP 관련 연구가 다각적으로 수행되고 있다. ${\cdot}$ 마찰교반용접 공정 중의 접합부의 형성 및 금속유동(Metal flow)에 대한 모델링(Modeling) 관련 연구가 다수 진행되고 있으며, 수학적 해석 및 실시간 모니터링을 통한 연구가 의욕적으로 진행되고 있다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2019

In this study, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated by varying the process temperature (50, 100, 125 and 150℃) to reduce internal stress. The internal stress reduction by thermal dissociation ta-C coating film with increasing temperature is confirmed through the curvature radius of the ta-C coating according to the temperature of the SUS plate. As the coating temperature increased, the mechanical properties (hardness, modulus, toughness) deteriorated, which is in agreement with the Raman analysis results. As the temperature increased, the sp² phase ratio increased owing to the dissociation of the sp³ phase. The friction and wear properties are related to the process temperature during ta-C coating. Low friction and wear properties are observed in high hardness samples manufactured at 50℃, and wear resistance properties decreased with increasing temperature. The contact area is expected to increase owing to the decrease of hardness(72 GPa to 39 GPa) and fracture toughness with increasing temperature which accelerated wear because of the debris generated. It was confirmed that at process temperature of over than 100℃, the bond structure of the carbon film changed, and the effect of excellent internal stress was reduced. However, the wear resistance simultaneously decreased owing to the reduction in fracture toughness. Therefore, in order to increase industrial utilization, optimum temperature conditions that reduce internal stress and retain mechanical properties.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 제3회 압연심포지엄 논문집 압연기술의 미래개척 (Exploitation of Future Rolling Technologies)
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• pp.308-312
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• 1999

Developed the model equations which calculate roll force, roll power during hot rolling in real time. The variables which mainly effect on the roll force, roll power are shape factor, reduction, roll diameter, roll velocity, strip inlet temperature, carbon content of strip and strip-roll contact friction coefficient. Among these variables roll diameter, roll velocity, inlet temperature, carbon content and friction coefficient can be excluded in interpolated model equation by introducing equation of die force(F'), power(p') of the frictionless uniform plane strain compression which can be calculated without iteration. At the case of coulomb friction coefficient of 0.3, we evaluated coefficient of polynomial equations of {{{{ { F} over {F' } }}}}, {{{{ { Pf} over {Pd }, { Pd} over {P' } }}}} from the result of finite element analysis using interpolation. It was found that the change of values of {{{{ { F} over {F' }, { P} over {P' } }}}} with the friction coefficient tend to straight line which slope depend only on shape factor. With these properties, developed model equations could be extended to other values of coulomb friction coefficient. To verify developed roll force, roll power model equation we compared the results from these model equation with the results from these model equation with the results from finite element analysis in factory process condition.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제13권1호통권31호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

The engine exhaustive valve became essential as the important element. The dissimmilar welding method of exhaustive valve head to stem was asked for manufacturing the engine exhaustive valve, for which the electric resistance are welding has been conventionally used, resulting in poor quality of the welded joint. In this paper, not only the development of optimizing of friction welding with more reliability and more applicability but also the development of in-process real-time weld qudlity(such as strength and toughness) evaluation technique by acoustic emission for friction welding of the engine exhaustive valve(SUH3-SUH35 dissimilar steels) were perfomed. The high temperature(500, 500, 600$^{circ}$C) creep properties prediction of the friction welded joint of SUH3-SUH35 was investigated relating to the initial strain meethod(ISM) as a new approach, resulting in obtaining an experimental equation of creep life prediction.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2023

The importance of dual-fuel engines has increased for reducing CO₂ emissions. However, the low operating temperature of this engine may induce low-temperature corrosion at combustion parts, which reduces the engine service life. To overcome this problem, NiCr38Al4 alloy was developed for valve spindle, but the cost of this alloy is expensive due to its high Cr content. For reducing the manufacturing cost of valve spindle, in the present work, NiCr38Al4 alloy was welded with Nimonic80A alloy by conducting friction welding. The tensile test results show that the strength of friction-welded specimens follows the properties of the lower-strength parent materials, without severe cracks at the interface. The large shear strain and frictional heat from friction welding not only reduce grain size but also induce solute element diffusion at the interfacial region. Because of the low Cr diffusivity compared with Ti, Cr carbides were not observed in the Nimonic80A matrix, while Ti carbides were distributed in both the Nimonic80A and SNCrW matrices.