• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.785-797
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• 1998

This study has been done to prove that keratinized gingiva is required for the periodontal health and to analyse the adequate width that is necessary. Until now, the study on frenum has been documented on changing its location. But the location or the formation of the frenum has not been reported. This experiment has used 173 patients from the department of periodontology of Dankook University to investigate the width of keratinized gingiva, the formation of the frenum and its location for the frequency. This study also looks into the relationship between the gingival recession and the structure of the frenum, and affects they have on periodontal health. The width of the keratinized gingiva in the mandible has been found to be highest in the lateral incisor than in the central incisor. The width decreased from the canine to the first premolar until it reached the molar. The interproximal area of the mandibular frenum was 77.9%, which was greater than the frequency (22.1%) from the midline of the teeth. The highest frequency of frenum was at 30.6% in between the both central incisor then second greatest at 20.6% in between the right canine and the right first premolar. Frenum was not found in between the second premolar and the distal area. In the morphology of the frenum, it was found that 43.4% out of 551 parts were found to be a single narrow frenum, and the double or triple ligamented form of the complex frenum were found in similar frequency of 237 parts, but the broad frenum was rarely frequent. The incisal area was popular mostly with the single narrow frenum, the left premolar area frequented 57.4%, and the right premolar frequented 64.7%. Because the distance between the frenum apex and the gingival margin measured to be about 5mm or greater, the frenum apex started in the mucogingival junction and not just below the keratinized gingiva. In the 551 area investigated, 48.3% of gingiva showed recession, incisal area had recession the least at 44.9%, right buccal side at 47.4%, and right buccal side frequented the highest at 52.1%. The teeth that showed recession recessed at the average of 2.151.0.mm and the left canine showed the greatest amount of gingival recession. In the investigation to find out if the keratinized gingiva and the gingiva recession had mutually related somehow, the width of keratinized gingiva showed no affect on the probing depth, but had affected in the gingiva recession. This investigation showed that the gingival recession and the morphology of the frenum related in that, the single narrow frenum had recessed the least and the broad frenum recessed the most. With this analysis, a conclusion was drawn that the morphology of the frenum had affected in the gingical recession.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2014

Healthcare-associated infection represents a frequent cause of mortality that increases hospital costs. Due to increasing microbial resistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to search for alternative therapies. Consequently, novel alternatives for the control of resistant microorganisms have been studied. Among them, plant antimicrobial protein presents enormous potential, with flowers being a new source of antimicrobial molecules. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of protein-rich fractions from flower tissues from 18 different species was evaluated against several human pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that protein-rich fractions of 12 species were able to control bacterial development. Due its broad inhibition spectrum and high antibacterial activity, the protein-rich fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was subjected to DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, yielding a retained fraction and a non-retained fraction. The retained fraction inhibits 29.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, and the non-retained fraction showed 31.5% of growth inhibition against the same bacteria. The protein profile of the chromatography fractions was analyzed by using SDS-PAGE, revealing the presence of two major protein bands in the retained fraction, of 20 and 15 kDa. The results indicate that medicinal plants have the biotechnological potential to increase knowledge about antimicrobial protein structure and action mechanisms, assisting in the rational design of antimicrobial compounds for the development of new antibiotic drugs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.284-288
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• 2009

The innate immune system is important for the first line of host defence against infectious agents, which have penetrated the mechanical barriers. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL or mannan-binding protein, MBP) is a serum protein that is synthesized in the liver as a part of the acute phase response. MBL binds to carbohydrate structures presented by a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. MBL is synthesized as a monomer that has a carboxy-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain, a neck region and a collagen region. Low MBL level was reported to be the most frequent immuno-deficiency syndrome. Although extensive studies have yielded detailed information on the structure of MBL, functions of the MBL complex are not fully understood yet. We, here, present cloning process of MBL cDNA from the rat liver and production of truncated recombinant MBL protein using a bacterial expression system in order to produce anti-MBL polyclonal antibody. Anti-MBL polyclonal antibody was raised in a New Zealand rabbit and its affinity was tested against recombinant protein using western blot technique. MBL cDNA, recombinant protein and anti-MBL antibody could be used as great arsenals to dissect cellular biochemistry of MBL.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2016

Recently, frequent traffic congestion has occurred in domestic urban roads. As a solution for downtown traffic congestion in domestic urban roads, plans for great depth underground double-deck tunnels have been made. Great depth underground double-deck tunnels that have been planned for passenger cars, has the structure of a network type; the entry of vehicles is carried out in the underground space. In these network great depth underground double-deck tunnels, the cross section and the height of the tunnel are smaller than the general road tunnel, and the smoke of a fire will propagate faster than the evacuation of tunnel passengers by the action of the traffic-ventilation and casualties are expected. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to prevent the delay system for fire smoke diffusion at the time of a fire in a domestic network great depth underground double-deck tunnel according to the area of the tunnel block during the operation of the delay system for fire smoke diffusion to analyze the effects of reducing the inflow velocity. When the area of the tunnel block was not less than 50%, the effect of reducing about 21% of the wind speed acting on the tunnel was significant. If the area is more than 50%, the diffusion rate of fire smoke was reduced by approximately 21%, which will be useful for a safe evacuation.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-34
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• 2007

Background & Objectives: The current study aims to convey correct knowledge of dementia that is be on the rise as the most significant social problem and provide basic data for implementing immediate school health education for dementia which is the basis of improving quality of life for patients with dementia, their family and the society by analyzing recognition level for dementia among male and female students in the 2nd grade of middle school and the necessity of school health education for dementia. Methods: The current study conducted a survey with a total of 150 students. 25 male and female students respectively selected from three middle school taking into account regional characteristics. The study also processed the survey results using SPSS-PC Program 12.0 and gained the following results by implementing Frequency Analysis. Cross-tabulation Analysis and ANOVA Analysis. Results: As for respect for grandparents, 55.3% of the respondents said they respect their grandparents. while 39.3% answered so-so and 5.3% said they don't respect their grandparents. As for the number of they meet grandparents, 36.0% of the respondents said they meet grandparents once or twice a month, which was the most frequent answer. On the other hand, 24.7% are once or twice every six months, 13.3% are once or twice a year and a week, respectively, and 6.7% said that they seldom meet their grandparents. In a question about whether they had recognized dementia after explaining dementia in detail, 82.7% said' yes' while 17.3% said' no'. But few students recognized it when they were asked using a terminology' dementia' first. The average score of knowledge level integrating the most fundamental 16 questions about dementia was $11.20{\pm}1.73$. Also 83.3% of the respondents answered that they had no experience in health education about dementia while 16.7% said presented positive answers. In the necessity of health education about dementia, 73.3% of them said' necessary' while 21.3% said' so-so' and 5.3% said 'not necessary. Conclusions: From the above study results, it was found that it is time to emphasize the necessity and importance of school health education for improving respect for the old and a sense of responsibility for support and converting recognition for dementia in Korea that has social structure of the trend toward the nuclear family and heads for an aged society. However, the fact that the above things are not implemented at all in reality can expand disparate views among family members in the future and further can cause even more serious problem by neglecting senior problems. Therefore, the government, social organizations, especially school organizers should recognize the necessity and importance of school health education and actively begin cultivations of students' character by implementing the education about dementia at the early stage.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.401-409
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• 2006

Infections of the oral and maxillofacial region are one of the most common conditions for which a patient presents to a maxillofacial surgeons. Although these infections can arise from a variety of source, dental disease is the most common etiology. So, odontogenic infection are frequently encountered in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. These infections often respond to antimicrobial chemotherapy or surgical intervention, such as extraction of teeth, incision and drainage through clinical features. But, odontogenic infections have the potential to spread via the fascial spaces in the head and neck region, and, they spread to cavernous sinus, deep musculofascial space and other vital structure. We have undertaken clinical studies on infections in the oral and maxillofacial regions by analyzing retrospectively hospitalized patients in the Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital past 5 years from 2000 to 2004. And, the patients' age, sex, medical history, causes of the infection, surgical intervention, and other clinical parameters were reviewed. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The most frequent cause of oral and maxillofacial infection was odontogenic. And in the odontogenic cause, dental caries was the most common cause (47.2%). 2. The most common fascial space involved was the submandibular space (15.7%), followed by the buccal space (14.8%). 3. 60.4% of all patients required surgical drainage of the abscess, endodontic treatment or tooth extraction or periodontal treatment with drainage. 4. The most causative organism isolated from the pus culture were streptococcus viridans (53.9%). 5. Underlying medical problems were found in 136 patients (41.9%), the most common being hypertension (27.9%) and diabetes (14.7%).

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.5
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• pp.847-858
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• 2002

A purpose of the object-oriented programming is to promote reuse and development time, and to improve software quality. A way for this purpose is using a design information well-defined and tested in previous time when developing software. Such design information is called design patterns. The design patterns are descriptions of abstract solution to recurse software design problems In a systematic and general way. But because the design patterns are descriptions of abstract solution, the specification and application of patterns generally rely on manual implementation and is applied to various forms. As a result, we need to spend a lot of time to develop software program not only because of difficulty in analyzing and applying to patterns consistently, but also because of the frequent programing faults. And because the applied design patterns don't express inside application visually, it is difficult to analyze and test for this design patterns. In this paper, we propose automatic source code generating technique to be able to efficiently apply the element of design patterns when developing application. And we show a way to analyze and use the applied design patterns in application. As a result, the design patterns in application provide the consistent structure and efficiency, and make analysis and using effect increased.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2015

In recent years, owing to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, the inspection and maintenance of structures have become increasingly important on a national scale. However, because most structural inspections are carried out manually, and due to the lack of objectivity in data acquisition, quantitative data are not always available. As a result, researchers are seeking ways to collect and standardize survey data using terrestrial laser scanning, thereby bypassing the limitations associated with visual investigations. However, field data acquired using a laser scanner have been required to measure changes in structure geometry resulting from passive deterioration. In this study, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify the processes of structural deterioration (e.g., efflorescence, leakage, delamination) using intensity data from terrestrial laser scanning. Additionally, we confirm the viability of automated classification of alteration type and objectification of the polygon area by establishing intensity characteristics. Finally, we show that our method is effective for structural inspection and maintenance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.167-175
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• 2018

To cope with the increasing number of natural disasters in recent years, managers in the National Disaster and Safety Status Control Center, who have considerable experience and skills, are regarded highly important. Although the National Disaster and Safety Status Control Center oversees the disaster-status control tasks in preparation for various natural and social disasters, there is little data due to the frequent replacement of managers. Therefore, this study developed a disaster-safety code system that tracks and manages disaster information, because the current record management and amount of information sharing remains very low. Among 22 natural and social disaster types, this study targeted four types of disasters: heavy snow, strong winds, high seas, and heavy rain. The final disaster-safety data code system was proposed through the following processes: analysis of the code systems of disaster areas in Korea and overseas, setup of the implementation of directions, development of the classification system, and categorization. For the systematic accumulation of data, the four code systems were integrated into one. A prototype system was developed and operated to verify the validity of the proposed code system. The results showed that data were accumulated and services were provided accordingly with respect to the proposed code system. If past data are accumulated and utilized according to the proposed code system in this study, it will be helpful in the decision making process to respond to new types of disasters, based on past experiences.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.48-59
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• 2014

This study examines the characteristics in melodramas by comparing three major television broadcasting companies(MBC, SBS, and KBS) since 2000. The findings of the study are as follows: "Romance" melodrama is more common in MBC and SBS, than in KBS, where "family" melodrama is more common. The most cause of conflict shown in MBC is "love between the rich and the poor" that in SBS is "conflict between love and success", and that in KBS is the conflict similar to that between "Ondal the fool and Princess Pyeong-gang". The most common love relationship shown in SBS and KBS is the "single love triangle" and that in MBC is "double love triangle". In the shows of all three TV broadcasting companies, male protagonists most frequently belongs to "jaebeol" (the rich) and female protagonists are "company workers". The most common personality trait of male protagonists' in MBC shows is and "optimism", in SBS shows, it is "supercilious behavior", in KBS, it is "simple-hearted". However, the personality of female protagonists in the shows of all three broadcasting companies can be described as, bright and cheerful. In MBC and SBS, male protagonists were frequently portrayed as capable, and in KBS, as self-conceited. in KBS are the most frequent. Female protagonists in the shows of all three broadcasting companies were most frequently portrayed as hardworking.