• Archives of design research
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• no.16
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• pp.213-223
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• 1996

Illustration has been used as a means of human communication since the primitive age. And now it has become a way to express impliedly either the fragmentary or the psychological side of our life. Like it has been said in peter knock's Illustration magazine, an artist said "it was the best article ever read." Illustrator's task is to abstract and practically describe not our daily life, but every moment of the perception an object, whether it is define or indefine. It can inspire stronger perception than any other elegant language. Addition to that the practical use of illustration is increasing ever day. The target has now become various such as man, nature, art, science and so on. Therefore, at this point what illustration requires is creation, new and striking idea. It is because in order to get in to the general's living in the complicate and various society, it must show unique images and appearance. Therefore, now the illustration should induce the work which is based on synetics thoughts, not simple improving skill. Now we must restrain futional and diagrammatic illustration education and be able to thik of free and abundant characteristics. It will eventually help students to feel the value of human life and free themselves from the reality of present education which is getting machinized and instrumentalized.entalized.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.165-170
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• 2023

There are cases where the mobility impaired have difficulty moving from the moment they leave the house. If guardians also do not have time to entrust their families, who are socially disadvantaged, to a shelter, the guardian has no choice but to check directly in order to know the location of the guardian. The AI home care solution was designed to relieve the anxiety and labor of caregivers and to provide convenience for protection facility officials and users. If more facilities distribute and use services free of charge to non-profit foundations and protective facilities, the concern of guardians will be reduced, and the burden of facility officials who have to manage facility users will be reduced. In this paper, we provide emergency notification services to guardians in the event of an emergency as well as location and status alarms for guardians, which are all data related to movement, in consideration of the mobility vulnerable. Furthermore, it is necessary to provide a service function that recommends the optimal route using a navigation function to ease the convenience and burden of facility officials. It is necessary to alleviate anxiety by providing necessary information to the guardian, such as the location of the shuttle used by the mobile weak and the time of getting on and off. In addition, while providing services for free, the goal is to improve the quality of service for facility managers and the quality of service for the mobility weak.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.61-73
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• 2008

Piles of a bridge pier are connected with the column through the pile cap (footing). Behavior of the pile foundation can be different according to the connection method between piles and the pile cap. Connection methods between pile heads and the pile cap are divided into two groups : rigid connections and hinge connections. Domestic design code has been specified to use rigid connection method for the highway bridge. In the rigid connection method, maximum bending moment of a pile occurs at the pile head and this helps the pile to prevent the excessive displacement. Rigid methods are also good to improve the seismic performance. However, some specifications prescribe that conservative results through investigations of both the fixed-head condition and the free-head condition should be reflected in the design. This statement may induce an over-estimated design for the bridge which has high-quality structures with casing covered drilled shafts and the PC-house contained pile cap. Because the assumption of free-head conditions (hinge connections) is unreal for the elevated pile cap system with multiple piles of the long span sea-crossing bridges. On the other hand, elastic displacement method to evaluate the pile reactions under the pile cap is not suitable for this type of bridges due to impractical assumptions. So, full modeling techniques which analyze the superstructure and the substructure simultaneously should be performed. Loads and stress state of the large diameter drilled shaft and the pile cap for Incheon Bridge which will be the longest bridge of Korea were investigated through the full modeling for rigid connection conditions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.861-876
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• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2021

Purpose If a new test is introduced or reagents are changed in the laboratory of a medical institution, the characteristics of the test should be analyzed according to the procedure and the assessment of reagents should be made. However, several necessary conditions must be met to perform all required comparative evaluations, first enough samples should be prepared for each test, and secondly, various reagents applicable to the comparative evaluations must be supplied. Even if enough comparative evaluations have been done, there is a limit to the fact that the data variation for the new reagent represents the overall patient data variation, The fact puts a burden on the laboratory to the change the reagent. Due to these various difficulties, reagent changes in the laboratory are limited. In order to introduce a competitive bid, the institute conducted a full investigation of Radioimmunoassay(RIA) reagents for each test and established the range of reagents available in the laboratory through comparative evaluations. We wanted to share this process. Materials and Methods There are 20 items of tests conducted in our laboratory except for consignment tests. For each test, RIA reagents that can be used were fully investigated with the reference to external quality control report. and the manuals for each reagent were obtained. Each reagent was checked for the manual to check the test method, Incubation time, sample volume needed for the test. After that, the primary selection was made according to whether it was available in this laboratory. The primary selected reagents were supplied with 2kits based on 100tests, and the data correlation test, sensitivity measurement, recovery rate measurement, and dilution test were conducted. The secondary selection was performed according to the results of the comparative evaluation. The reagents that passed the primary and secondary selections were submitted to the competitive bidding list. In the case of reagent is designated as a singular, we submitted a explanatory statement with the data obtained during the primary and secondary selection processes. Results Excluded from the primary selection was the case where TAT was expected to be delayed at the moment, and it was impossible to apply to our equipment due to the large volume of reagents used during the test. In the primary selection, there were five items which only one reagent was available.(squamous cell carcinoma Ag(SCC Ag), β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-HCG), vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone), two reagents were available(CA19-9, CA125, CA72-4, ferritin, thyroglobulin antibody(TG Ab), microsomal antibody(Mic Ab), thyroid stimulating hormone-receptor-antibody(TSH-R-Ab), calcitonin), three reagents were available (triiodothyronine(T3), Tree T3, Free T4, TSH, intact parathyroid hormone(intact PTH)) and four reagents were available are carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), TG. In the secondary selection, there were eight items which only one reagent was available.(ferritin, TG, CA19-9, SCC, β-HCG, vitaminB12, folate, free testosterone), two reagents were available(TG Ab, Mic Ab, TSH-R-Ab, CA125, CA72-4, intact PTH, calcitonin), three reagents were available(T3, Tree T3, Free T4, TSH, CEA). Reasons excluded from the secondary selection were the lack of reagent supply for comparative evaluations, the problems with data reproducibility, and the inability to accept data variations. The most problematic part of comparative evaluations was sample collection. It didn't matter if the number of samples requested was large and the capacity needed for the test was small. It was difficult to collect various concentration samples in the case of a small number of tests(100 cases per month or less), and it was difficult to conduct a recovery rate test in the case of a relatively large volume of samples required for a single test(more than 100 uL). In addition, the lack of dilution solution or standard zero material for sensitivity measurement or dilution tests was one of the problems. Conclusion Comparative evaluation for changing test reagents require appropriate preparation time to collect diverse and sufficient samples. In addition, setting the total sample volume and reagent volume range required for comparative evaluations, depending on the sample volume and reagent volume required for one test, will reduce the burden of sample collection and planning for each comparative evaluation.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.4
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• pp.33-56
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• 2006

The cultural debates between conservatives and liberals at the end of the 1980s and in the early 1990s were termed as "culture wars." The "culture wars" involved a diverse range of controversial issues, such as the introduction of multicultural curricula in educational institutions, prayers in schools, whether to allow gays to serve openly in the military, and whether abortion should be permitted. The most heated debates of the "culture wars" regarding art raged over the NEA and the question of whether Andres Serrano's works should have been publicly funded, in addition to the exhibition "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment" which were charged as projecting "obscene" or "blasphemous" images. This paper examines the development of culture wars in art and focuses on several issues invoked by the NEA debates. However, it is not a detailed chronological investigation. Rather it pays attention to the several phases of the debates, analyzing and criticizing the clashes of the political and esthetical points of views between conservatives and liberals. How could NEA funding, a mere fraction of the federal budget, have become so critical for both sides(conservative and liberal), for politicians and artists' groups, and for academics and the general public? The art community was astounded by this chain of events; artists personally reviled, exhibitions withdrawn and under attack, the NEA budget threatened, all because of a few images. For conservative politicians, the NEA debate was not only a battle over the public funding of art, but a war over a larger social agenda, a war for "American values and cultures"based on the family, Christianity, the English language, and patriarchy. Conservative politicians argued the question was not one of "censorship" but of "sponsorship," since the NEA charter committed it to "helping museums better serve the citizens of the United States."Liberals and art communities argued that the attempt to restrict NEA funding violated the First Amendment rights of artists, namely "free speeches." "No matter how divided individuals are on matters of taste," Arthur C. Danto wrote, "freedom is in the interest of every citizen." The interesting phase is that both sides are actually borrowing one another's point of view when they are accompanied by art criticism. Kramer, representative of conservative art critic, objected the invasion of political contents or values in art, and struggled to keep art's own realm by promoting pure aesthetic values such as quality and beauty. But, when he talked about Mapplethorpe's works, he advocated political and ethical values. By contrast, art experts who argued for Mapplethorpe's works in the Cincinnati trial defended his work, ironically by ignoring its manifest sexual metaphor or content although they believed that the issues of AIDS and homosexuality in his work were to be freely expressed in the art form. They adopted a formalistic approach, for example, by comparing a child nude with putti, a traditional child-angel icon. For a while, NEA debates made art institutions, whether consciously or unconsciously, exert self-censorship, yet at the same time they were also producing positive aspects. To the majority of people, art was still regarded as belonging to the pure aesthetic realm away from political, economical, and social ones. These debates, however, were expanding the very perspective on the notion of what is art and of how art is produced, raising questions on art appreciation, representation, and power. The interesting fact remains: had the works not been swiped in NEA debates, could the Serrano's or Mapplethorpe's images gain the extent of power and acceptance that it has today?

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.143-163
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• 2012

The dominant model of acquiring scholarly contents at academic libraries is so called big deal where libraries subscribe to a bundle of hundreds, if not thousands of journals in a multi-year contract with fixed annual rate increase. The bid deal, started in the mid-1990s, offered a number of advantages for academic libraries and their users. However, escalating prices for these packages have become a serious issue casting doubts about the sustainability of the subscription-based model. At the moment, it appears there is no viable alternative other than pay-per-view method that is being tested at some libraries. Libraries' budget situation will remain a key factor that might change the situation. Open access started in the 2000s as a vehicle to eliminate barriers to publishing and distributing peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles. Open access publishing is witnessing two-digit growth annually. Open access articles now occupy close to 20% of two major citation databases: Scopus and Web of Science. Google Scholar service, debuted in late 2004, is now a popular tool for discovering and accessing scholarly articles from a vast selection of journals around the world. There is a call for taking Google Scholar seriously as a potential replacement of library databases amid concerns regarding the quality of journals indexed, limited search capabilities vis-$\grave{a}$-vis library databases, and monopoly of public goods. Escalating budget problems, rapid growth of open access publishing and the emergence of powerful free tool, such as Google Scholar, need to be taken seriously as these forces might bring disruptive changes to the existing subscription-based model of scholarly contents at academic libraries.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2002

Cut-slope due to the road construction is one of the most significant problems in the domestic case, that is, 70% of the land is covered by mountain. Moreover, typhoons or heavy rains concentrated in summer season causes the failure of cut-slope. Rock-fall and soil slope failure take 40.8% and 29.5% out of the entire domestic cut-slope failure, respectively. Rock-fall is quickly occurred by the free fall or rolling of rock fragments generally in the upper slope. Soil slope failure produces a clastics-flow and increases casualty especially when caused by heave rainfall because the velocity of the movement is verb high. Considering the car speed and rock-fall velocity, it will take a life in a moment. This study analyzes a set of field data of most recently collapsed domestic road cut-slopes to characterize these cut-slopes and the nature of rock-falls and clastics flows at each site. Based on the results, design criteria for a road alarm system are proposed, considering the relationship between the time required for clastics-flow and the velocity and braking distance of a cat at the incidence. The road alarm system proposed herein would operate instantly after a rock-fall and it will minimize damages, by warning drivels approaching to the collapse or collapsing location in advance.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.182-201
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• 2001

This Study has attemped to compare the health care systems of South and North Korea. There has been a wide difference in the health care System between the South and North of Korea. In this paper, I have also shown that each health care system has its own unique response to the social, political, and economic conditions of the country. Therefore the author analyzed and summarized the important difference of health care system between the South and the North of Korea as follows. 1. Compared with the Laissez-faire health care system of South Korea, North Korea has the state socialistic health care system which provide health care services to the people free of charge. And the North Korea is marking positive efforts toward the scientification and systemization of Oriental Medicine which is called Dongui-Hak in the North-on the basis of Ju-Che idea. 2. North Korea's health care system appears to be strongly geared toward extensive and preventive treatment and launched the massive sanitary propagation campaign. which have resulted in a great success. North Korea has a system of universal comprehensive care for its population. The government has a central role in planning and regulating health care. 3. The government also employs physicians, nurses, and other professionals to provide health care to patients at public expense. In North Korea, health professionals are government employees. They work for a salary and the system is funded through general taxation. 4. In the North Korea, health services area system of the cities and countre's unit is strictly conducted along with the doctor's area responsibility system. And so without referal card, patients can not use the upper-grade medical facilities. The health care delivery system of North Korea is made up of the fourth level procedue unlike South Korea. 5. General office of Oriental Medicine, Academy of Oriental Medical Science and Guidance Bureau of Oriental Medicine are established in the organization of the Department of Health in the North Korea. And nowadays much emphasis are equally placed on the Oriental Medicine as well as Western Medicine. Both South and North Korea have faced with a critical moment of developing a mutually agreeable and acceptable system of health care for the unified nation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.281-299
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of occlusal contact under the fixed implant prosthesis of partially edentulous patients which was hased on occlusal concept of implant prosthesis. From the patients who have free-standing implant supported prosthesis of unilateral partially edentulous area, occlusal and occlusal contact point of th enatural tooth side and implant side of light closure and heavy closure were analyzed by T-scan system throuht pre-and post-adjustment and the degree of occlusal contact was estimated by Shimstock. The following results were obtained : 1. The occlusal force of natural tooth side(NF) from mid-sagittal axis was relatively constant at light and heavy closure through pre-and post-adjustment, but the occlusal force of implant side(IF) was decreased significantly at light closure(P<0.01) and heavy closure(P<0.05) of post-adjustment. 2. Natural tooth side-implant side moment(MIMoment) fo occlusal force from mid-sagittal axis was significant(p<0.05) through pre-and post-adjustment and the deviation from mid-sagittal axis was increased at light closure of post-adjustment, but was decreased at heavy closure of post-adjustment. 3. Comparing the NF and IF, IF was greater at heavy closure of pre-adjustment, and NF was greater at light closure of post-adjustment, and the NF and IF was relatively equally distributed at light closure of pre-adjustment and at heavy closure of post-adjustment. 4. The number of occlusal contact point of natural tooth side(NC) was relatively constant through pre-and post-adjustment, but the number of occlusal contact point of implant side(IC) was significantly decreased(P<0.05) at light closure of post-adjustment, and was not significant but was lesser at heavy closure of post-adjustment. 5. Difference of the NC and IC was greater at light closure of post-adjustment, but it was less at heavy closure of post-adjustment, and therefore occlusal contact point of natural tooth side and implant side was relatively equally distributed at heavy closure of postadjustment. 6. When bilaterally distribution of occlusal force and occlusal contact point was established, degree of occlusal contact of implant suporoted prosthesis with opoosing teeth at light clousre was $34.13{\pm}21.69{\mu}m$.