• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1996

The study was performed to investigate the effects of administration of aluminum compound in Kidney metabolism and plasma hormone of rats. Seventy frve male Sprague-Dawley strains rats were divided into five groups consisting of the control, 250ppm AlCl$_3$group, 500ppm AlCl$_3$ group, 250ppm $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$group, 500ppm $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$group and kept on the diet for 2 weeks. The body weight gain was increased by the administration of AlCl$_3$ but decreased by the administration of $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$as compared to the control. The urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine were increased and free water clearance and urine volume were decreased significantly after AlCl$_3$adminstration group as compared to the control. The water balance, free water clearance, excretion of sodium and creatinine were increased and the excretion of chlorine was decreased after $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ administration as compared to the control. Plasma renin activity was increased and plasma aldosterone content was compared to the control. Plasma renin activity was increased and plasma aldosterone content was significantly decreased after adminstration of aluminum compounds as compared to the control.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2012

Nowadays, the concern on the environmental load of bleaching process gave rise to the process of ECF(elemental chlorine free) and TCF(total clorine free). These sequences are based on oxygen-derived compounds such as oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide which is used as a typical eco-friendly bleaching agent. In this study, paper mulberry pulp was bleached with hydrogen peroxide and some bleaching process were accompanied with ultrasonication in order to increase the bleaching efficiency. The best bleaching efficiency of paper mulberry pulp was obtained in the condition of hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonication(20 kHz) bleaching system at $45^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The brightness and kappa number of paper mulberry pulp were gained to 5.09% and 3.52 respectively. and yield was slightly loosed to 2%. Therefore, the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonication bleaching system of paper mulberry pulp was superior to the conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching system. Magnesium sulfate acted as a bleaching stabilizer for the increasement of yield. As a result, the yield and viscosity were increased to 2.2% and 12% respectively.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.390-405
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• 1988

n-Heptane, n-Octane, n-Decane, 2,3-Dimethyl Butane을 chlorination agent인 N-chlorosuccinimide, tert-Butylhypochloride, Trichloromethanesulfonylchloride, Carbontetrachloride, Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride, Phosphorous pentachloride Chlorine등으로 benzene 또는 $CS_2$ 용매중에서 염소화시킬때 생기는 Mono-chloro alkane의 이성질화 혼합물을 정량적으로 고찰하였다. 여기에서 파라핀계 탄화수소의 치환비율에 대한 지금까지 알려진 사실과 일치하지 않는 놀라운 이성질화 분포(Isomerization distribution)를 확립하였다. 이러한 결과는 극성효과를 갖는 공격하는 라디칼의 free energy, 그리고 alkane의 개개의 수소 원자가 지니는 여러가지 서로다른 C-H bond 해리에너지의 상호작용을 통하여 얻어졌다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2005

With the appearance of pathogenic microorganisms, which were resistant to free chlorine, the significant attention to the necessity of powerful alternative disinfection methods such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, LTV irradiation to inactivating pathogens has been increased in water treatment. Among these alternative disinfection methods, ozone is well known as strong biocidal method and the usage of ozone is also increasing in Korea. However, in Korea, there has been no report on the quantitative study of Cryptosporidium parvum with ozone and its evaluation in advanced drinking water treatments. This study reports on the methodology for predicting the ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum by ozone disinfection in advanced drinking water treatment. The method is based on the fact that a specific inactivation level of microorganisms is achieved at a unique value of ozone exposures, independent of ozone dose and type of water, and quantitatively described by a delayed Chick-Watson model. The required values ${\bar{C}}T$ for 2 log inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum was $6.0mg/L{\cdot}min$ and $15.5mg/L{\cdot}min$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$, respectively. From this obtained Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation curves and calculated ${\bar{C}}T$ values of advanced drinking water treatment water in Korea with FIA (Flow injection alaysis), we can predict that water treatment plant can achieve a 1.1~1.8 log inactivation and 0~0.4 log inactivation at $20^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$, respectively. This methodology will be useful for drinking water treatment plants which intend to evaluate the disinfection efficiencies of their ozonation process without full scale test and direct experiments with Cryptosporidium parvum.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2018

There are various manufacturing processes for pure $SiO_2$ that is used as abrasives, chemicals, filters, and glasses, and in metallurgy and optical industries. In the optical fiber industry, to produce $SiO_2$ preform, $SiCl_4$ is utilized as a raw material. However, the combustion reaction of $SiCl_4$ has caused critical environmental issues, such as ozone deficiency by chlorine compounds, the greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide and corrosive gas such as hydrochloric acid. Thus, finding an alternative source that does not have those environmental issues is important for the future. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS or D4) as a chlorine free source is recently promising candidate for the $SiO_2$ preform formation. In this study, we first conducted a vaporizer design to vaporize the OMCTS. The vaporizer for the OMCTS vaporization was produced on the basis of the results of the vaporizer design. The size of the primary particle of the $SiO_2$ formed by OMCTS was less than 100 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns of the $SiO_2$ indicated an amorphous phase. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the Si-O-Si bond without the -OH group.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제12권3_4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1997

The main reason of applying chlorination is to sterilize microbes existing in the drinking water treatment. But chlorination could lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by the reaction of free chlorine with humic substance in the water. Especially the DBPs including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and haloketones (HKs) exist in the tap water. The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) defines that trihalomethanes, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetonitrile among DBPs are probable/possible human carcinogens. US EPA suggests maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for THMs (80$\mu$g/L) and HAAs (60$\mu$g/L) in drinking water. In Korea, THMs in drinking water has been surveyed but DBPs in general has not been studied in drinking water practically. Therefore only THMs have been regulating as criteria compounds since 1990 but neither HAAs nor HANs. Researches on HAAs are yet to be found. HAA formation potentials(HAAFPs) have not been practiced. HAAs depends on the characteristics of water sources by chlorination. In this study, HAAFPs from three distinct sources were investigated by laboratory chlorination experiments. This study was performed to measure the level of HAAs in drinking water in Seoul area. At April 1996, after collecting the raw waters from the three sites with the different properties, the water samples were chlorinated at various conditions(pH 5.5, pH 7.0 and without pH adjustment) in the state of raw water to have 0. 5mg/L of residual chlorine concentration. And the raw water, treated water, and tap water of water treatment were collected to measure the HAAs concentration. The quantitative analysis of HAAs was conducted by US EPA methods.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제25권2_2호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2022

Deterioration in durability of structures due to the steel corrosion is difficult to determine whether or not corrosion is initiated and how much propagated, and moreover, repair and maintenance are not easy to deal with. Therefore, preventive treatments can be the best option to avoid the deterioration. Various methods for preventing corrosion of steel, such as electrochemical treatments, anti-corrosion agents and steel surface coatings, are being developed, but economic and environmental aspects make it difficult to apply them to in-situ field. Thus, the purpose of this study was to improve corrosion resistance by using CA-based clinker that are relatively simple and expected to be economically profitable Existing CA-based clinkers had problems such as flash setting and low strength development during the initial hydration process, but in order to solve this problem, CA clinker with low initial reactivity were used as binder in this study. The cement paste used in the experiments was replaced with CA₂ clinker for 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% in OPC. And the mixture used in the chloride binding test for the extraction of water-soluble chloride was intermixed with Cl- 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of binder content. To evaluate characteristic of hydration heat evolution, calorimetry analysis was performed and simultaneously chloride binding capacity and acid neutralization capacity were carried out. The identification of hydration products with curing ages was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The free chloride extraction test showed that the chlorine ion holding ability improved in order OC 10 > OC 30 > OC 20 > OC 0 and the pH drop resistance test showed that the resistance capability in pH 12 was OC 0 > OA 10 > OA 20 > OA 30. The XRD analyses showed that AFm phase, which can affect the ability to hold chlorine ions, tended to increase when CA₂ was mixed, and that in pH12 the content of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), which indicates pH-low resistance, decreased as CA₂ was mixed

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

The effects of chlorination on the elimination of three estrogenic chemicals such as $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2), nonylphenol (NP) and bis-phenol A (BPA) were investigated using yeast two-hybrid assay (YTA), estrogen receptor competition assay (ER-CA), and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer (LC/MS). Results of YTA, ECA and the analysis of LC/MS indicated that the estrogenic activity of above mentioned three endocrine disruptors were significantly reduced as the result of chlorination. The decrease in estrogenic activity paralleled with decrease in estrogenic chemicals under the influence of free chlorine. One common characteristic of estrogenic chemicals is the presence of a phenolic ring. Considering that a phenolic ring is likely to undergo some sort of transformation in aqueous chlorination solution, the above mentioned results may be applied to the rest of the other estrogenic chemicals in natural waters.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.585-588
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• 2005

Bipyridine and its derivatives have been widely used as the ligands in transition metal complexes. The proton affinities of pyridine derivatives were calculated using an ab initio quantum mechanical method (B3LYP with various double zeta and triple zeta basis sets) in combination with the Poisson-Boltzmann continuum solvation model. Van der Waals radii of the atoms in the heterocyclic rings for the solvation energy calculation were set to values determined to reproduce the $pK_a$ values of guanine and oxoguanine derivatives and that of chlorine was optimized to reproduce the experimental values of relating compounds. The $pK_a$ values for the heterocyclic ring compounds were in agreement with the experimental values with a mean unsigned error of 0.45 $pK_a$ units.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.204-208
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the ion energy distributions in a chlorine based inductively coupled plasma by quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrostatic ion energy analyzer. Ion energy distributions are presented for various plasma parameters such as $BCl_3/Ar$ gas mixing ratio, RF power, and process pressure. As the $BCl_3/Ar$ gas mixing ratio and process pressure decreases, and RF power increases, the saddle-shaped structures is enhanced. The reason is that there are ionized energy difference between $BCl_3$ and Ar, change of plasma potential, alteration of mean free path. and variety of ion collision in the sheath.