• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.9-12
• /
• 1969

Partial molal volumes of anilinium chloride in several methanol-water mixtures have been determined at $30.0^{\circ}C$. The maximum in limiting slopes and the minimum in partial molal volumes at 0.4 mole fraction have been interpreted as the result of maximum electrostriction of the solvent with the minimum free volume.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 1995

중금속에 의한 토양오염을 화학적으로 평가하기 위한 일환으로 토양을 중금속으로 오염시킨 후 토양용액을 추출하여 pH, 이온강도, 이온농도, 화합물형태 변화를 분석했다. 토양이 Cu와 Cd에 의해 오염될수록 토양용액의 이온강도는 증가했다. 이런 변화는 Cd보다 Cu에 의해 더 컸다. 토양용액 중의 Cu와 Cd의 농도는 가한 양(量)에 비해 소량으로 존재했으나 처리량에 비례하여 금속의 농도는 증가했다. 토양용액 중의 Cd의 농도는 Cu보다 훨씬 높았다. 토양용액 중의 Ca, Mg, K의 농도는 중금속에 의해 증가되었으나 주로 free ion상태로 존재했으며 화합물형태는 Cu나 Cd의 처리에 의해 변화되지 않았다. 토양용액 중 중금속이온의 화합물의 변화 경향은 Cu와 Cd이 달랐다. Cu의 경우 토성과 pH에 의해 영향을 받았는데 pH가 낮은 SiCL 및 SL 토양에서는 free $Cu^{2+}$가 95 molar % 이상으로 주된 화합물형태이었고 pH가 높은 LS토양의 경우 free $Cu^{2+}$과 Cu-hydroxide이 주된 화합물형태로 Cu처리량에 따라 이들 화학종의 molar %는 변화되었다. Cd의 경우 free $Cd^{2+}$과 Cd-chloride 화합물이 주된 화합물형태이었고 Cd처리량이 증가함에 따라 $Cd^{2+}$는 감소한 반면 Cd-chloride 화합물 형성은 증가했다. 중금속에 의한 토양용액의 pH감소, 중금속의 흡착에 따른 양이온의 일시적인 증가, 중금속의 화합물 변화들은 식물영양적 측면에서 볼 때 식물에 불리한 변화로 간주되며, 중금속의 생물유효성과 독성을 평가하는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제26권11호
• /
• pp.1836-1838
• /
• 2005

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권11호
• /
• pp.3941-3946
• /
• 2011

The specific rates of sovolysis of 1-piperidincarbonyl chloride (1) have been determined in 26 pure and binary solvents at $25.0^{\circ}C$. Comparison of the specific rates of solvolyses of 1 with those for p-methoxybenzoyl chloride and those for 4-morpholinecarbonyl chloride in terms of linear free energy relationships (LFER) are helpful in mechanistic considerations, as is also treatment in terms of the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation. It is proposed that the solvolyses of 1 in binary aqueous solvent mixtures proceed through an ionization [I] pathway rather than through an $S_N1/S_N2$ and/or ionization/(ionization-elimination) = [I/(I-E)] pathway.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.669-682
• /
• 2015

Degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to chloride penetration followed by reinforcement corrosion has been a serious problem in civil engineering for many years. The numerical simulation methods at present are mainly finite element method (FEM) and finite difference method (FDM), which are based on mesh. Mesh generation in engineering takes a long time. In the present article, the numerical solution of chloride transport in concrete is analyzed using radial point interpolation method (RPIM) and element-free Galerkin (EFG). They are all meshless methods. RPIM utilizes radial polynomial basis, whereas EFG uses the moving least-square approximation. A Galerkin weak form on global is used to attain the discrete equation, and four different numerical examples are presented. MQ function and appropriate parameters have been proposed in RPIM. Numerical simulation results are compared with those obtained from the finite element method (FEM) and analytical solutions. Two case of chloride transport in full saturated and unsaturated concrete are analyzed to test the practical applicability and performance of the RPIM and EFG. A good agreement is obtained among RPIM, EFG, and the experimental data. It indicates that RPIM and EFG are reliable meshless methods for prediction of chloride concentration in concrete structures.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.483-490
• /
• 2005

A novel, polysaccharide-based, superabsorbent hydrogel was synthesized through crosslinking graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto kappa-carrageenan ($_{k}C$), using ammonium persulfate (APS) as a free radical initiator in the presence of methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. A proposed mechanism for $_{k}C$­g-polymethacrylic acid ($_{k}C$-g-PMAA) formation was suggested and the hydrogel structure was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of grafting variables, including MBA, MAA, and APS concentration, was systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with the maximum possible swelling capacity. The swelling kinetics in distilled water and various salt solutions were preliminarily investigated. Absorbency in aqueous salt solutions of lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and aluminum chloride indicated that the swelling capacity decreased with increased ionic strength of the swelling medium. This behavior can be attributed to the charge screening effect for monovalent cations, as well as ionic crosslinking for multivalent cations. The swelling of super absorbing hydrogels was measured in solutions with pH ranging from 1 to 13. In addition, the pH reversibility and on-off switching behavior, at pH levels of 3.0 and 8.0, give the synthesized hydrogels great potential as an excellent candidate for the controlled delivery of bioactive agents.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.8-14
• /
• 2005

The corrosion behaviour of mild steel in phosphoric acid solution in the presence and absence of pollutants viz. Chloride, Fluoride and Sulfate ions at 302K-333K was studied using mass loss and potentiostatic polarization methods. The addition of chloride and sulfate ions inhibits the mild steel corrosion in phosphoric acid while fluoride ions stimulate it. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel indicated that inhibition of chloride and sulfate ions decreased with increasing temperature. The adsorption of these ions (Chloride and sulfate) on the mild steel surface in acid has been found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The values of activation energy (Ea) and free energy of adsorption ($\Delta$) indicated physical adsorption of these ions (chloride and sulfate) on the mild steel surface. The plot of $logW_{f}$ against time (days) at 302K gives a straight line, which suggested that it obeys first order kinetics and also calculate the rate constant k and half-life time $t_{1/2}$.

• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.245-250
• /
• 2011

Poly(acrylonitrile)-poly(vinyl chloride) 공중합체 섬유의 비결정성 영역에서의 자체 확산 계수와 홀 부피를 응력완화 실험으로 규명하였다. 응력완화 실험은 용매기를 부착한 인장 시험기를 사용하였다. 이론적인 응력완화식 에 응력완화 실험 결과를 적용하여 여러 가지 유동 파라메타를 계산하였다. 유동 파라메타로부터 섬유고분자 물질의 홀부피, 자체확산, 점성, 열역학파라메타 등을 계산하였다. 이들 시료의 유동 파라메타는 유동 단위의 홀 부피, 자체확 산, 유동 활성화 에너지와 직접적인 연관을 갖는 것으로 규명되었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2016

A chromium-free Ce-based conversion coating formed by immersion in a solution containing cerium chloride and nitric acid on AZ31 magnesium alloy has been studied. The effects of acid pickling on the morphology and the corrosion resistance of the cerium conversion coating were investigated. The corrosion resistance of the conversion coating prepared on AZ31 Mg alloy after organic acid pickling was better than that of inorganic acid pickling. The morphology of the conversion-coated layer was observed using optical microscope and SEM. Results show that the conversion coatings are relatively uniform and continuous, with thickness 1.0 to $1.1{\mu}m$. The main elements of the conversion coating of AZ31 Mg alloy are Mg, O, Al, Ce and Zn by EDS analysis. The electrochemical polarization results showed that the Ce-based conversion coating could reduce the corrosion activity of the AZ31 Mg alloy substrates in the presence of chloride ions.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.627-634
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 염화 이온 ($Cl^-$)을 전해질로 이용하는 전기화학적 공정에서 생성되는 염소산화부산물인 클로레이트 ($ClO_3\;^-$, 염소산염)의 생성 메커니즘을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 우선, pH 및 초기농도에 따른 생성 특성을 살펴보았으며, 유리염소 생성과의 관련성 및 오존, OH 라디칼 등의 혼합산화제의 영향을 간접 평가하여 클로레이트의 생성 메커니즘을 구체화하였다. 그 결과, 클로레이트의 생성은 유리염소 (HOCl/$OCl^-$)의 전기화학적 반응을 주된 반응으로 하며, 염화 이온의 직접 양극산화 반응 및 OH 라디칼에 의한 경로가 있음을 확인하였다. 이어서 생성된 클로레이트가 퍼클로레이트로 산화되는 반응도 볼 수 있었다. 또한, 전극 간격에 따른 생성 농도를 유리염소 생성과 함께 평가하여, 유리염소 생성 효율은 극대화 시키되 클로레이트의 발생을 최소화 할 수 있는 최적조건을 찾는 방안을 제시하였다.