• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.132-136
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• 1996

Exogenously applied oxygen free radical generating agent, pyrogallol, highly elevated extracellular glutamate accumulation and augmented N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced glutamate accumulation in cerebellar granule neuronal cells, but did not in astrocytes. Superoxide dismutase remarkably decreased the pyrogallol-induced glutamate accumulation, but either NMDA or kainate antagonists did not. In addition, pyrogallol did not affect the NMDAinduced intracellular calcium elevation. Pyrogallol partially blocked glutamate uptake into astrocytes. These results suggest that oxygen free radicals elevate extracellular glutamate accumulation by stimulating the release of glutamate as well as blocking the glutamate uptake.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2002

Thimerosal, a widely used preservative, has been well known to induce intracellular calcium mobilization in various cell types. However, the mechanism of its calcium mobilization is not clearly understood yet. For studying the mechanism of thimerosal-mediated calcium release, we have used HL60 cells in calcium-free Lockes solution that has no extracellular calcium. Thimerosal significantly reduced the lag period of initial calcium release whereas it enhanced the rate and magnitude of the calcium release in a dose-dependent manner. At the same time, we found that thimerosal generated superoxide anion by activating NADPH oxidase in dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, the kinetics and the dosedependency of superoxide anion generation were very similar to those of intracellular calcium mobilization. In inhibitors study, the thimerosal-induced superoxide anion generation was significantly suppressed by DMSO as well as superoxide dismutase but not by genistein or EGTA. Surprisingly, the pretreatment with N-Acetyl-$_{L}$-Cysteine blocked almost completely the thimerosal-induced calcium increase, indicating that ROS playa key role in the calcium mobilization. The present results suggest that thimerosal-induced calcium mobilization is possibly mediated by the activation of NADPH oxidase and subsequent ROS generation.n.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-71
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• 1995

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were used to study a possible relationship between strontium and polyamines (PAs) in the coleoptile, root, and endosperm during germination. When $Sr^{2+}$ (0.001 mM + 10 mM) was applied to the incubation medium with $10\;{\mu}M$ $GA_3$, great increases in putrescine (Put) were observed in root and spermidine (Spd) in the coleoptile, depending on the concentration. In germinating seeds, putrescine accumulation was induced even at a low concentration (0.01 mM Sr), whereas spermidine accumulation was stimulated considerably at a high concentration (10 mM Sr). The putrescine levels, on a gram fresh weight (g-fr-wt) basis, in the roots which were growth-inhibited by 1 and 10 mM $Sr^{2+}$ were 22.4 and 15.3 fold higher respectively than at the same concentrations of $Ca^{2+}$. The accumulation of total polyamine (TA), in particular Put and Spd, induced by Sr seemed to be an important physiological response not only on a g fr wt basis but also on an RNA basis. In contrast, the levels of agmatine (Agm) and cadaverine (Cad) were notably enhanced by 10 mM $Ca^{2+}$ in the coleoptile and root. Cadaverine was detected only in $Ca^{2+}-treated$ seedlings. However, $Ca^{2+}-treatment$ in the range of 0.001 mM to 1.0 mM resulted in reduction of TA content. The distinction of accumulated polyamines and the change in diamine (DA) / TA and tri- and tertiary (tPA) / TA ratios were likely to be a physiological difference between $Sr^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ during germination in wheat.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 1999.11b
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• pp.159-163
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• 1999

Model experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fillers on the removal of toner ink. Combinations of different papers (commercial photocopy paper and filler-free paper), fillers (calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, and talc), and chemicals(1-octadecanol, stearic acid, oleic acid, and TOFA) and stearic acid were found to be effective in detachment and agglomeration of toner ink. Furthermore, pH had little effect on toner detachment and agglomeration, indicating both protonated fatty acids and their anions are equally effective. In the presence of either kaolin clay or talc, all these agglomerating agents are equally effective, although a slightly higher dosage(1% for clay and 2% for talc as compared with control) is required, presumably due to the adsorption of chemical by the filler. Calcium carbonate filler, on the other hand, has a significant and adverse effect on the fatty acids used but has little effect on 1-octadecanol with the exception of possible adsorption. While stearic acid is not effective, a much higher level of oleic acid or TOFA is needed when calcium carbonate fillers are present as compared to the filler-free case. Fatty acids react with calcium carbonate to form calcium salts. The availability of fatty acid anion for toner detachment and agglomeration is determined by the solubility of calcium salt of a given fatty acid. Calcium oleate is 10 times more soluble in water than calcium stearate.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of salting in 10% salt solution added 2% calcium chloride on the kimchi fermentation. The addition of calcium chloride extended edible periods of the Kimchi to 4~5 days and increased relatively the hardness of Chinese Cabbage. In the addition of calcium chloride, the activities of amylase and $\beta$ -galactosidase were not high during all periods fermentation. Polygalacturonase and protease activities were low 2~21%, 2~26% all periods fermentation, respectively. There were significant correlations between the delay of ripeness and decreasing enzyme activation. The amount of free amino acid by the treatment with calcium chloride was decreased of 10~16% at the late of fermentation than that of control. the treatment with calcium chloride of the Kimchi was increased hardness, but decreased cohesiveness and gumminess was during all periods fermentation. the adhesiveness was increased at the early of fermentation but decreased at the late of fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 1979

In the previous paper, it was reported that formation of desirable calcium alunimate(CA) in clinker was considerably affected by sulfur-contaminated alumina which was prone to form a disadvantageous mineral, $C_4A_3S$. In this study, however, sulphate-free alumina cement was made from sulfur-free alumina refined from alunite and corresponding materials. The major minerals in the clinker were identified by X-ray diffraction patterns as calcium aluminate (CA), calcium dialuminate $(CA_2)$ and dicalcium alumino silicate $(C_2AS)$. The formation of CA was more effective with decreasing contents of silica to 2 per cent or less and sulfur in the refined alumina. Physical properties of prepared alumina cement such as setting time, stability and compressive strength were measured. The values were similar to those of commercial alumina cements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.303-308
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• 1992

Three female sheep were daily administered a pyrophosphate analogue, disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) at the level of 4 mg/kg body weight. HEBP largely suppressed bone resorption, which was indicated by the reduction in plasma free hydroxyproline concentration and in calcium mobilization rate during the intravenous infusion of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Contrary to the suppression of bone resorption, plasma total-calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were not changed by HEBP administration. These results suggest that bone mineral crystals play a meaningless role on calcium, magnesium and phosphorus homeostasis in ruminants if they are fed adequate amounts of these minerals. Plasma magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were not significantly changed after feeding. However, plasma total-calcium was decreased after feeding in both periods and the reduction seemed to be remarkable in the HEBP-treated period. Infusion of EDTA more remarkably reduced plasma ionized calcium concentration in the HEBP-treated that in the untreated period and the recovery of ionized calcium was retarded by HEBP administration. These results suggest that calcium release from bone is necessary for maintenance of plasma calcium when animals rapidly lose calcium.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 1999

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment of bone and kidney-derived cells not only activates adenyly cyclase buy also increases intracellular free calcium, and translocates protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosol to plasma membranes. We have found that acute phorbol ester pretreatment significantly decreases PTH-induced calcium transients and the effect of phorbol ester was antagonized by staurosporine (ST). Although the major effect of ST in that study was the reversal of the action of phorbol ester, it appeared that ST may also have promoted the effect of PTH directly. To further investigate the observation, we examined the effect of ST on the intracellular calcium transients induced by PTH and $\alpha$-thrombin ($\alpha$-TH). For calcium transient experiments, UMR-106 cells were loaded with 2 mM fluo-acetoxymethylester for 30 min at room temperature. The cells were then washed and suspended in buffer containing 1 mM calcium. Fluorescence was detected at 530 nm, with excitation at 505 nm. ST alone did not cause calcium transients, but enhanced the transients elicited by PTH response. added 5 min before the hormone. Another protein kinase inhibitor H-7 likewise enhanced the calcium responses elicited by PTH, while genistein did not affect PTH response. Calcium transients elicited by $\alpha$-TH were also enhanced by ST. The results suggest that there might be tonically activated endogenous protein kinase(s) which inhibit calcium signaling of some calcemic agents.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.774-778
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• 1998

Brazilin [7,11b-dihydrobenz[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-3,6a,9,10(6H)-tetrol] inhibited thrombin-, collagen- and ADP-induced aggregation of washed rat platelets. T hrombin- and collagen-induced ATP release were also inhibited by brazilin in a concentration-dependent manner. Brazilin inhibited the formation of platelet thromboxane $A_2$ caused by thrombin, whereas it had no effect on the prostaglandin $D_2$ formation. Brazilin inhibited $^3H$-arachidonic acid liberation from membrane phospholipids of thrombin-stimulated platelets. Brazilin inhibited the rise of intracellular free calcium caused by thrombin. These results indicate that the inhibition of phospholipase ($PLA_2$) activity and [$[Ca^{2+}]_1$ elevation might be at least a part of antiplatelet mechanism of brazilin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.919-923
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• 2004

Spirodela polyrhiza(L.) Schleid (Lemnaceae) have been used as a traditional drug in treating urticaria and itching. However, the exact role of Spirodela polyrhiza in allergic reaction has not been clarified yet. Type 1 hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity), popularly known as allergy, is a major clinical problem in humans. It has been found that the histamine release from mast cells is an essential step in the pathological process of immediate hypersensitivity. In the present study, the effect of aqueous extract of Spirodela polyrhiza (AESP) on immediate hypersensitivity was investigated. AESP inhibited the antigen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). AESP in vitro exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of degranulation in RPMC stimulated by compound 48/80. AESP also suppressed the morphological changes and the increase of intracellular free calcium level induced by compound 48/80. These results suggest that inhibitory effect of AESP on immediate hypersensitivity may be mediated through the decrease of intracellular free calcium levels, and AESP importantly contributes to the treatment of anaphylaxis and may be useful for other allergic disease.