• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.699-706
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• 2012

The water extract of Younggyechulgam-tang (YGCGT) has been traditionally used in treatment of tinnitus in Oriental Medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which YGCGT rescues ototoxicity. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the protective effect of YGCGT against cisplatin-induced toxicity in HEI-OC1 auditory cells, organotypic cultures of cochlear explants from three-day postnatal rats (P3). Pretreatment with YGCGT ameliorated apoptotic death induced by cisplatin in HEI-OC1 cells and organotypic cultures of Corti's organ. YGCGT pretreatment also significantly suppressed cisplatin-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with YGCGT resulted in an increased expression of HO-1 and Bcl-2. These results suggest that YGCGT induced HO-1 signaling pathway, which ultimately prevents free radical stresses from cisplatin and further contributes to protect auditory sensory hair cells from free radicals produced by cisplatin.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2003

Bee venom has been clinically used to control the pain of inflammation disease etc. in general. Although the effect of bee venom herbal acupuncture has been reported, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. Free radical metabolism seems to occupy a remarkably common position in the mechanisms of inflammation and ageing related disease. Oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins and other molecules may contribute to the development inflammation disease. NO or DPPH is one of the free radicals and a mediator in inflammation diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate the scavenging effect of bee venom herbal acupuncture against NO and DPPH. The followings are the summary of the results: (1) There is no significant scavenging effect of bee venom herbal acupuncture on NO in BVS and BVP group. (2) There is a significant scavenging effect of bee venom herbal acupuncture on DPPH in BVS-1 and BVP-1 group. These results suggest that bee venom herbal acupuncture can be used for inflammation diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. This study would provide important basic data on the possibility of the clinical treatment of bee venom herbal acupuncture. Further studies are required to investigate the antioxidative effects of it.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.756-761
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• 1999

Lipid peroxidation mediated by hydroxyl radicals which are generated during myocardial ischermia has suggested as a possible mechanism of ischemic myocardial damage. Recently, it has been reported that anti-arrhythmic action of lidocaine, a local anesthetic, is attributed to its "membrane-stabilizing" properties through scavenging free radicals, thus, inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase which catalyze the oxidation of many purine, pyrimidine and pteridine derivatives are known as free radical generating systems. In this experiment, we studied the effect of lidocaine and procainamide on the hepatic aldehyde and xanthine oxidase activity and antioxidative activities. It was found that lidocaine and procainamide inhibited both NADPH-dependent and independent lipid peroxidation. Both of tested compounds were found to be ineffective in inhibiting xanthine oxidase. Lidocaine and procainamide, however, inhibited aldehyde oxidase activity in vitro as well as in vivo. Based on the above results, lidocaine and procainamide could be employed as a therapeutic agent for aldehyde oxidaserelated disease.d disease.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.367-374
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• 1975

Glycine residue in N-X-glycylphenylalanine methyl ester(X = trifluoroacetyl or acetyl) was converted into aspartic acid derivative by a photoalkylation reaction. The reaction was induced with 350 nm lamp using a combination of diacetyl/di-t-butyl peroxide (DBP) as the photoinitiator, and acetic anhydride as the alkylating agent. In the thermal reaction with DBP and acetic anhydride, the same alkylation reaction of the dipeptide was observed. From this thermal alkylation reaction the photoalkylation reaction is also thought to undergo via free radical mechanism.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.36-42
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• 1999

The antimicrobial activities of the copolymer of N,N'-dimethyl- N,N'-diallyl ammonium chloride(DMDAAC) and diallyl amino(DA) were investigated. The copolymer of DMDAAC and DA was prepared by free radical Polymerization through an intra-intermolecular propagation mechanism ie, cyclopolymerization. The copolymer was, then, reacted with cyanuric chloride for reactivity with hydroxyl group of cellulose. Cotton fabrics were finished by synthesized polymer, and their antimicrobial activities and fastness to launderings were tested. Dichlorotriazinyl DMDAAC-DA copolymer has MIC value of 1ppm against S. aureus and 10ppm against K pneumoniae. The antimicrobial fastness of the finished cotton to launderings were good enough to show colony reduction above 70% against S. aureus and K pneumoniae after 50 repeated laundering in anionic commercial detergent. Optimum treatment concentrations of the polymer were 0.5% in cold pad-batch method, and 0.1% in pad-dry method.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.49-54
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• 1998

The antimicrobial activities of the copolymer of N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and acrylamide(AA) were investigated. A series of copolymers with various ratios of DMDAAC and AA were prepared by free radical initiation via an intra-intermolecular propagation mechanism, ie, cyclopolymerization, and the antimicrobial activities of the prepared copolymers were measured by minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) test. The copolymers were, then, methylolated under basic condition for reactivity with hydroxyl group of cellulose. Both antimicrobial activity and fastness to laundering of the cotton fabrics finished using the methylolated copolymers were evaluated. From the results it was shown that the copolymers with different ratios of DMDAAC and AA have MIC values in the range of 1∼100ppm. As the ratio of AA in the copolymers increases, the anitmicrobial activity decreases. The fastness of the cotton fabric finished by the methyolated copolymers to 10 repeated launderings in anionic commercial detergent is good enough to show colony reduction above 90％ regardless of DMDAAC and AA ratios.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 1992

There are many methods of obtaining butadiene described in the literature. In the america it is produced largely from petroleum gases, i.e., by catalytic dehydrogenation of butene of butene-butane mixtures. Butadiene can be recovered from the $C_4$ residue of an olefin plant by distilling off a fraction containing most of the butadiene, catalytically hydrogenating the higher acetylenes to olefins and separating the product from other olefins and isobutane by extraction. Also it can be obtained by cracking naphtha and light oil. Among the individual dienes of commercial importance, 1, 3-butadiene is of first importance. It is used primarily for the production of polymers.In the present paper, it was investigated for a effect of the formation and the growth inhibition of popped corn polymer in butadiene extraction unit. As a result of study, inhibitors, $NaNO_2$ and TBC were good effective for inhibition of the formation and growth in popcorn polymer. The rational formula of popcorn polymer obtained was $(C_4H_6)_x$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.451-455
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• 2006

It is demonstrated that inorganic mercury has cytotoxic effect on glial cells. Recently, oxygen radicals is involved in methylmercuric chloride (MMC)-induced cytotoxicity. But, the toxic mechanism of MMC is left unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of MMC on $C_6$ glioma cells. The cytotoxicy was measured by cell viability using XTT assay in $C_6$ glioma cells. Colorimetric assay is regarded as a very sensitive screening method for the determination of the cell viability on various agents. In this study, MMC decreased cell viability according to the dose- and time dependent manners after $C_6$ glioma cells were grown with various concentrations of MMC for 48 hours. In the protective effect of allopurinol on MMC-induced cytotoxicity, allopurinol was effective in the prevention of MMC-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. These results suggest that MMC has highly cytotoxic effect on $C_6$ glioma cells by the decrease of cell viavility, and free radical scavenger such as allopurinol was effective on organic mercury-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.289-294
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• 1995

This study was designed to observe the effect of tohiene pretreatment on leukocyte variation in whole blood and the oxygen free radical generating, scavenging enzyme activities in neutrophil of bacteria infected rats. Toluene was administered 7 times intraperitoneally at levels of 9.45 mM/kg body weight to the rats and then infected with S. aureus $2\times10^7$ cfu/ml. The toluene treated-rats showed the significantly decreased numbers of lymphocyte and monocytes, but the similiar numbers of neutrophils with the control. Furthermore the increased neutrophils in blood of bacteria infected rats were reduced by the toluene pretreatment. Concomitantly the increased activities of xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase in neutrophil of bacteria infected rats were also decreased by the toluene pretreatment. On the other hand, injection of benzaldehyde to rats also led to similiar results in the count of leukocytes, xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities of neutrophil with those of toluene treated rats. These data suggest that toluene and its intermediate metabolite, benzaldehyde influence on the phagocytosis and defence mechanism of neutrophil.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 1968

In the oligomerization of p-aminophenol by the catalytic action of Fe-EDTA complex in the aqueous medium, the mixed complex intermediate, Fe-EDTA-M type, is considered to be formed, from which active radicals of the monomer are produced. In this system, polymerization is presumed to proceed as follows: Free radical formation ${\to}$ Coupling ${\to}$ Activation ${\to}$ Coupling, and so on. In this study, the form of the monomer and coordination state in the mixed complex, the catalytic action of Fe-EDTA the complex, the reaction mechanism, and the structure of the oligomers are discussed.