• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.442-453
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in the main food components between Korean and imported quinoa from Peru, the U.S., and Thailand. Proximate composition of Korean quinoa showed highest crude protein and crude ash, while Korean quinoa had lowest moisture. Total amino acid content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Fatty acid content was highest in quinoa cultivated in the U.S. and Wonju. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju was rich in palmitic acid, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid. Mineral content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju showed highest contents of P, Mg, Zn, while quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon showed the highest content of Na. Citric acid was found the major organic acid in quinoa. Citric acid content was highest in quinoa imported from the U.S. and lowest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon. Among free sugar, raffinose and glucose contents were highest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon, The results of this study show Korean quinoa has high contents of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and free sugar, offering essential amino acids in an excellent balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of concentration and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids on cellular proliferation and lipid peroxide production, using primary skin fibroblasts from neonate rats Fibroblasts (CPD : 2.8-5.4). Cells were cultured either in control medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplement with 10% fetal bovine serum) or in media supplemented with various kinds (stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid) and amounts (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150uM)of fatty acids. Cellular proliferation ratio and lipid peroxice production were measured and morphological changes were observed. Cellular proliferation was inhibited and morphological changes were observed. Cellular proliferation was inhibited and morphological changes were observed in cells grown in stearic containing media. Oleic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic aicd tend to stimulate cellualar proliferation, and linolenic acid had no effects. Lipid peroxide concentrations in fibroblasts increased in proportion to the contents and unsaturation of fatty acids in media. Especially supplementation of arachidonic acid accelerated cellualr lipid peroxidation. Free radicals may cause severs damage to biological molecules, so lipid peroxidation probably contributes cellular membrane damages. However there were little relationship between lipid peroxide production and cellular proliferation in this study. (Korean J Nutrition 29(2) : 159~165, 1996)

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.132-143
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9℃ at the farm versus keeping it at 20℃ on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. Methods: A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9℃ (MC9) and the other at 20℃ (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Results: Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Conclusion: Storing milk at 9℃ at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2008

Characteristics of the esterification reaction between free fatty acid in rice bran oil and methanol was investigated in the presence of catalysts, such as PTS(p-toluene sulfonic acid), Amberlyst 15 dry and SCX(silica gel based strong cation exchange resin). While reaction temperature was kept constant at $65^{\circ}C$, initial feed content of free fatty acid was varied from 100% to 1% by addition of pure free fatty acid which was previously made from rice bran oil. Also, the effect of mole ratio of methanol to fatty acid on the final conversion was examined. When esterification of pure free fatty acid was catalyzed by several acids, final conversions were increased in order of Amberlyst 15 dry, SCX and PTS. Using PTS catalyst, initially the reaction proceeded in homogeneous 2nd oder reaction mechanism. However, phase of reaction mixture changed from homogeneous to heterogeneous along the reaction time and then reaction rate was retarded by mass transfer resistance of methanol. Final conversion of free fatty acid in reaction mixture was depended on initial feed content of free fatty acid, and had maximum value at 30% of initial feed free fatty acid content for all kinds of catalysts used. And the final conversion was increased with mole ratio of methanol by the improvement of reaction rate. When initial feed free fatty acid content below 10% and the reaction was catalyzed by PTS, concentration of free fatty acid in reaction mixture was increased in the middle of reaction time by hydrolysis of triglyceride in reaction mixture. Also, if silica gel was added into the reaction mixture which had initial feed free fatty acid content below 50%, final conversion was increased by the adsorption of moisture produced. The SCX catalyst made the esterification reaction of free fatty acid to progress like in case of PTS catalyst. However, when initial feed free fatty acid content below 10%, concentration of free fatty acid in. reaction mixture was decreased monotonically and not increased in the middle of reaction time on the contrary to the case of PTS. Thus, SCX catalyst accomplished more high value of final conversion than PTS catalyst for the initial feed fatty acid content range from 50% to 5% In case of initial feed free fatty acid content of 1% and mole ratio of methanol was 2, concentration of free fatty acid in reaction mixture increased over the initial feed free fatty acid content for all kind of catalysts used. Although SCX catalyst was added into reaction mixture which had 1% of initial feed fatty acid content, final conversion was hardly raised by mole ratio of methanol.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.624-630
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• 1999

In order to investigate the position of various fatty acids attached to glycerol and the specificity of Lipolase-100T, hydrolysis of fish oil was carried out with Lipolase-100T derived from Aspergillus oryzae. The amounts of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and 2-monoglyceride and conversion rates of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also calculated. The ratio of 1,2-diglyceride content to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than 70 in the early period of hydrolysis. The fatty acid content of the glyceride mixture after 72 h of hydrolysis was compared with that of fish oil, and it was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C16:4, C20:4 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C21:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 were located in the 2-position of glycerol. Material balance of each component in the hydrolysis system was written to obtain a set of simultaneous linear equations. The theoretical quantity of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and monoglyceride, respectively, were calculated by solving the linear equation system. The conversion rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and that of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also obtained. The results showed that the migration rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than the hydrolysis rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 2-monoglyceride and the conversion rate of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride was extremely low.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.261-265
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• 1983

steryl ester구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)으로서 plamitic acid와 stearic acid는 모든 저장조건(貯藏條件)에서 감소(減少)하였고 linoleic acid는 증가(增加)하였다. 또한 $C_{18}$/$C_{16}$지방산비(脂肪酸比)는 통기저장(通氣貯藏)이 밀봉저장(密封貯藏)보다 전(全) 저장기간(貯藏期間)에서 높았다. triglyceride의 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)으로서 palmitic acid와 stearic acid는 모든 저장조건(貯藏條件)에서 저장(貯藏) 9개월(個月)까지는 감소(減少)하였다가 9개월(個月) 이후(以後)에는 증가(增加)하였다. oleic acid와 linoleic acid는 저장(貯藏) 9개월(個月)까지는 증가(增加)하였다가 그 이후(以後)에는 다시 감소(減少)하였다. 또한 $C_{18}$/$C_{16}$지방산비(脂肪酸比)와 불포화도비(不飽和度比)는 통기저장(通氣貯藏) 밀봉저장(密封貯藏)보다 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. free fatty acid 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)으로서 palmitic acid와 stearic acid는 저장(貯藏) 9개월(個月)까지는 감소(減少)하였다가 그 이후(以後)부터는 증가(增加))하였다. 그러나 oleci acid와 linoleic acid는 저장(貯藏) 9개월(個月)까지는 감소(減少)하였다가 그 이후(以後)부터는 다시증가(增加))하였다. 한편 불포화도비(不飽和度比)는 통기저장(通氣貯藏)이 밀봉저장(密封貯藏)보다 높았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1969

(1) Control values of the hepatic lipids of mouse analysed by means of thin-layer chromatography were as follows: Total cholesterol $5.23{\pm}0.46\;mg/g$ Free cholesterol $4.29{\pm}1.23\;mg/g$ Esterified cholesterol $0.94{\pm}0.30\;mg/g$ Triglycerides $15.56{\pm}1.84\;mg/g$ Free fatty acids $1.26{\pm}0.56\;mg/g$ Phospholipids $29.84{\pm}6.11\;mg/g$ Total lipids $62.44{\pm}12.13\;mg/g$ (2) The garlic administration brought significant elevations in the hepatic contents of free and esterified cholesterds, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in the mouse, when it was injected in excess (2%, 10% suspension) intraperitoneally. (3) The total hepatic lipids of mouse were increased in corelation with the amount of the garlic administered to the animals. (4) A brief discussion was made on the results obtained.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.186-190
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• 1992

송충이의 유리 아미노산, 총 아미노산 조성과 총 지방산 조성을 규명하기 위해 Gas chromarography와 HPLC를 사용하여 분리 정량한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조지방 함량은 21.00%이고, 조단백질 함량은 58.47%로 조성되어 있다. 유리 아미노산의 총 함량은 3.65g/100g으로 조성되어 있으며, 유리 아미노산 중에서 필수 아미노산의 총 함량은 1.31g/100g으로 35.89%를 차지하고 있다. 총 아미노산의 총 함량은 41.20g/100g으로 조성되어 있으며 총 아미노산 중에서 필수 아미노산의 총 함량은 14.75g/100g으로 35.80%를 차지하고 있다. 총 지방산 조성은 $C_{18}$=26.81%로 제일 많이 함유되어 있고, $C_{16}$=19.09%, $C_{18:1}$=18.74%, $C_{18:3}$=15.33%, $C_{16:1}$=7.29%, $C_{20}$=5.21%순으로 함유되어 있으며, 불포화 지방산이 45.88%이고, 필수 지방산은 19.73%를 차지하고 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.987-994
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on breast cancer, MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells were cultured in the presence of $\alpha$-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic(EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at a concentration of 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in serum -free IMM medium. Cell growth was monitored and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), $\alpha$-tocopherol contents, and oncogene expression were measured. To compare the effects of n-3 fatty acids with other types of fatty acid, steraic (STA), olieic(OA). linoleic acid(LA) were used. After one day , cell growth was retarded most highly when DHA was in the medium. Cellular TBARS level measured after three days of culture was the highest with DHA in the medium and was also increased by LNA and EPA, compared with STA, OA and LA. Alpha-tocoopherol contents of cells were decreased by DHA but only modestly. There was non significant difference in $\alpha$-tocopherol contents in cells cultured in the presence of the other fatty acids. northern blot hybridization carried out with cells cultured during 24 hours showed that levels of erbB-2 mRNA were not altered by six different fatty acids in the medium but those of c-myc were transiently decreased in the early period by both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The level of tumor suppressor gen p53 mRNA , however, was increased by DHA with time. It is concluded that the cytotoxicity of lipid peroxide and increased expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 are at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of DHA on growth of breast cancer cells.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1996

Essentiality was proposed in the field of lipid by Burr and Burr in 1929. When rats were raised on the fat-free diet, their growth retarded and their skin and tails showed the characteristic deficient symptoms, which were relieved by the addition of ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic(LA) and arachidonic(AA) acids to the basal diet. LA is dehydrogenated to ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(GLNA) by ${\Delta}6$ desaturase, then GLNA is 2 carbon chain elongated by elongase to $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(DGLNA), which is desaturated by ${\Delta}5$ desaturase to AA. These acids are called LA family or ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid(ALNA) is converted through the series of desaturation and elongation steps to docosahexaenic acid(DHA) via eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA). These acids belong to ALNA family or ${\omega}3(n-3)$PUFA. Human who consume large amounts of EPA and DHA, which are present in fatty fish and fish oils, have increased levels of these two fatty acids in their plasma and tissue lipids at the expense of LA and AA. Alternately, vegetarians, whose intake of LA in high, have more elevated levels of LA and AA and lower levels of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids and in cell membranes than omnivores. AA and EPA are metabolized to substances called eicosanoids. Those derived form AA are known as prostanocids(prostaglandins and prostacyclins) of the 2-types and leukotrienes of the 4-series, whereas those derived from EPA are known as prostanoids of the 3-types and leukotrienes of the 5-series. DGLNA is a precursor of the 1-types of prostaglandins. The metabolites of AA and EPA have competitive functions. Ingestion of EPA from fish or fish oil replaces AA from membrane phospholipids in practically all cells. So this leads to a more physiological state characterized by the production of proatanoids and leukotrienes that have antithrombic, antichemotactic, antivasoconstrictive and antiinflammatory properties. It is evident that ${\omega}3$ fatty acids can affect a number of chronic diseases through eicosanoids alone.