• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2121-2132
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• 2018

Abnormal melanin synthesis results in several hyperpigmentary disorders such as freckles, melanoderma, age spots, and other related conditions. In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic effects of an extract from the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CE) and potential mechanisms responsible for its inhibitory effect in B16F10, normal human epidermal melanocyte cells, and human skin-equivalent models. The CE extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating, hormone-induced melanin synthesis in cells. Additionally, the CE extract exhibited suppressive effects on the mRNA and protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2. The CE extract also inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A and extracellular signal-related kinase, which function as upstream regulators of melanogenesis. Using a three-dimensional, reconstructed pigmented epidermis model, the CE-mediated, anti-pigmentation effects were confirmed by Fontana-Masson staining and melanin content assays. Taken together, CE extract can be used as an anti-pigmentation agent.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.120-134
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• 2020

Recently, the beauty industry has implemented personalized services based on skin big data. To increase competitiveness in the beauty industry, systematic data measurement and evaluation indicators are necessary to select data and obtain necessary knowledge. In response, this study sought to stably enhance the accuracy of skin diagnosis based on satisfaction and reliability. To this end, the research was conducted through focus group interviews (FGI), a case study of brands, and analysis of prior research results. In particular, as a result of analyzing keywords that classify skin types by brand, common survey items for skin types were oiliness and using moisturizer, cosmetic use and vascular of skin, external stimulus and blemish & freckles, facial wrinkle, outside activities, self-consciousness, and smoke. In additioin to the common questions of the preceding study and the brand survey items, the questions concerning complex skin types, seasonal change, facial color, wrinkles and elasticity were added, and the questions were presented in a total of 40 items. In particular, it suggested that skin measurement could be conducted by focusing on elasticity and pigmentation items by reflecting the results of prior research and the opinions of FGI, and based on this, a customized service with high satisfaction and high accuracy of beauty care based on this could be proposed. We hope that this study will facilitate active self-care by providing more satisfying skin stones and personalized cosmetics proposals, thus laying the foundation for the further development of the cosmetics industry.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.555-560
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• 2021

Recently, as people's interest in facial skin beauty has increased, research on skin disease recognition for facial skin beauty is being conducted by using deep learning. These studies recognized a variety of skin diseases, including acne. Existing studies can recognize only the single skin diseases, but skin diseases that occur on the face can enact in a more diverse and complex manner. Therefore, in this paper, complex skin diseases such as acne, blackheads, freckles, age spots, normal skin, and whiteheads are identified using the Inception-ResNet V2 deep learning mode with multi-label classification. The accuracy was 98.8%, hamming loss was 0.003, and precision, recall, F1-Score achieved 96.6% or more for each single class.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.62-81
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• 2017

Objectives: As interests in the beauty of skin is growing continuously, more people are focusing on white and clean skin. Melanin is the major factor that determines skin color. The abnormal concentration of melanin causes various skin diseases such as vitiligo, freckles, and melasma. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Eriobotryae Folium extracts (EF) with phreatic water (PW) on the melanin synthesis. Methods: The effect of EF on melanin synthesis was evaluated by using mouse melanoma cells (B16F10). To define the mechanisms, real-time PCR and western blot were used. We also evaluated the inhibitory effects of EF and PW on melanin synthesis by using HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice. After UVB irradiation, melanin differences between the skin parts that were treated and untreated with EF and PW. Levels of mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and histological analysis of the dorsal skin was conducted by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: EF inhibited various mechanisms of melanogenesis, and the effect was increased when combined with PW. In vitro experiments have shown that EF inhibited the expressions of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) mRNA, tyrosinase mRNA, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) mRNA and the tyrosinase inhibitory activation, but it stimulated the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) mRNA expression. In vivo experiments have shown that EF prevented melanogenesis in the mice dorsal skin and inhibited TRP-1 mRNA expression. Also these effects were increased when combined with PW. Conclusions: EF and PW might be a new and effective treatment for whitening and treating pigmentation of skin.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.715-724
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• 2017

Today all kinds of smart devices are being developed with various researches on wearable devices that support smart computing on the human body. Skin diseases continue to rise including freckles, pimples, atopy, and scalp trouble due to the environmental and genetic factors, and people pay bigger medical bills to treat their skin diseases. There is thus a need to develop a smart-phone or table-based smart healthcare imaging system of high portability and diagnostic accuracy capable of analyzing and managing various skin problems related to skin care. This study proposed an integrated system combining the Smart Mi Band, a wearable device using moisture and UV sensors based on IoT, on the hardware part with the sensor information monitoring software.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.119-131
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• 2001

Exposure of the human skin to UV-light can cause sun-tanning, photoaging and even photo-carcinogenesis. Melanin is important in protecting the skin against UV damage, but excessive or uneven melanin production can lead to the formation of freckles and aged spot. Control of hyperpigmentation is becoming even more important as aged population continues to grow. These needs led us to develop effective and safe depigmenting-agent, kojyl 3-aminopropyl phosphate (kojyl-APPA), called Whitegen. The development of whitegen was based on the fact that phosphate group of 3-aminopropyl phosphate can make kojic acid more compatible to the skin membrane and more stable. Instability of kojic acid has been a problem in cosmetic use. The insertion of phosphoester group has been recognized as a powerful tool to improve such physical properties as solubility and stability, because the phosphodiester residue is well characterized as a non-toxic moiety, having a high affinity for cell membranes. Kojyl-APPA showed no tyrosinase inhibition effect compared to kojic acid in vitro, but showed tyrosinase inhibition effect in situ. It means that kojyl-APPA is converted to kojic acid enzymatically in cells. Kojyl-APPA showed the inhibitory activity on melanin synthesis in mouse melanoma and normal humal melnaocytes and also showed long-lasting stability in comparison with its original form (kojic acid). Kojyl-APPA showed depigmenting effects when applied to UVB-induced hyperpigmentated region of guinea pig skin. Based on these results, kojyl 3-aminopropyl phosphate can be used as a safe and effective ingredient for the brightness and cleanness of skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

Deficiency of collagen regeneration, denaturalization of fibers, increased melanin synthesis and reactive oxygen species are important factors inducing deterioration of healthy skin function. They induce freckles and decrease in skin elasticity. Vitamin C, vitamin A and their derivatives have been used as cosmetic ingredients for improvement of these problems but they have various problems. We have been developing the various derivatives of these ingredients. In this study, we investigated whitening effect of 3-o-cetyl-L-ascorbic acid (VCCE), a new vitamin C derivative. The VCCE inhibited melanogenesis in a dose dependent manner(44 % at $20\;{\mu}g/mL $) and tyrosinase expression. For 8 weeks, we also investigated skin brightening effect of VCCE on pigmented spots in UV-irradiated human skin. In results, VCCE showed a statistically significant skin whitening effect by mechanical and visual evaluation. Taken together, our findings suggest that the VCCE has potential benefits as an active ingredient for whitening cosmetics.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2013

Objective : Low level laser therapy(LLLT) is conjugated many different diseases such as skin disease, nervous system disease, cardiovascular disease, etc. This study was tried to survey the conjugation of LLLT in field of ophthalmology, otolaryngology and dermatology of Korean Medicine. Methods : In this study, LLLT deal with the field of ophthalmology, otolaryngology and dermatology was searched at Pubmed and NDSL. We searched Pubmed and NDSL with the title "Laser Therapy and Low-Level" for the last 10 years and analyzed disease, laser type, sample size, effect, journal and year. Results : Using Pubmed and NDSL, 8 treatises were researched. About 8 treatises, 7 treatises were papers in field of dermatology, 1 treatise was ophthalmology. And about 8 treatises, 6 treatises were foreign papers and 2 treatises were domestic papers on clinical application of laser status. Mainly used type of laser was a He-Ne laser and Diode laser. The diseases were ocular hypertension, acne, ulcers in patients with leprosy sequelae, freckles, segmental-type vitiligo lesions, diabetes-linked skin lesion, facial skin melanin and elasticity, atopic dermatitis symptom. As a result, we found that treat group had more improvement than control group in 7 of the 8 treatises, that treat group had no difference control group on effect significantly only 1 treatise. Conclusions: As therapeutic tool, LLLT's application range is very wide in the field of ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. Keep up with the increasing interest of domestic and foreign about laser therapy, clinical tries on the use of laser will be studied steadily. It is necessary to have sustained attention and research on the point of view of the Korean Medicine.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2018

Melanin is a polymer substance that plays an important role in the determination of hair growth and skin color in vivo. However, melanin, which is over-produced by reactive oxygen species, is known to cause stains, freckles, and hypercholesterolemia, which are associated with aging. Previous studies have shown that polyphosphate, one of the components of Rhynchosia Nulubilis, inhibits skin aging induced by ultraviolet rays. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effect of Rhynchosia Nulubilis ethanolic extract (RNEE) on melanin synthesis. In this study, RNEE showed no antioxidative effects on scavenging activity of DPPH radical in addition to reducing power. The cytotoxicity of RNEE was increased in a dose-dependent manner in an MTT assay. In addition, RNEE increased tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in DOPA-oxidation experiments. RNEE did not promote the conversion L-DOPA into melanin in live cells, but melanin production was promoted in the RNEE-treated group after H2O2 pretreatment compared to the control group in which melanin production was reduced by treatment with H2O2. In addition, RNEE increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) and increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) at a concentration of $16{\mu}g/ml$. In particular, it was found that RNEE increased the expression level of SOD-3, by which superoxide anion is converted to hydrogen peroxide, higher than the control and ${\alpha}$-MSH used as a positive control at a concentration of more than $16{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that RNEE can induce melanogenesis related to black hair.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2004

Melanin pigmentation in human skin is a major defense mechanism against ultraviolet light of the sun, but abnormal pigmentation such as freckles, liver spot could be a serious aesthetic problem. Nearly all studies are mainly concentrated on searching for the materials that have inhibitory activities on tyrosinase. In this work, to isolate phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata, we purified the extract through solvent fractionation, column chromatography, and recrystallization. They were identified as 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane 2, gastrodin (4-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3 on the base of spectroscopic evidences. In order to investigate their depigmentation effect, inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase and inhibitory activity of melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells were evaluated in vitro. We have found that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1 and gastrodin (4- ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3 have no tyrosinase inhibitory activity, but inhibit the melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane 2 (IC$\_$50/ = 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) and butanol fraction (IC$\_$50/ = 46 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) were lower/higher than that of arbutin (IC$\_$50/ = 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), but inhibitory activities of melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells were much higher than that of arbutin. Especially, tyrosinase inhibitory activities of isolated phenolic fraction (IC$\_$50/ = 2.37 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) from butanol fraction was very higher than that of arbutin (IC$\_$50/ = 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). Therefore, these results suggest that isolated phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata have inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase and inhibitory activity of melanin synthesis in 816 melanoma cells in vitro.