• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.165-182
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• 2014

An RFID systems employ efficient Anti-Collision Algorithms (ACAs) to enhance the performance in various applications. The EPC-Global G2 RFID system utilizes Frame Slotted Aloha (FSA) as its ACA. One of the common approaches used to maximize the system performance (tag identification efficiency) of FSA-based RFID systems involves finding the optimal value of the frame length relative to the contending population size of the RFID tags. Several analytical models for finding the optimal frame length have been developed; however, they are not perfectly optimized because they lack precise characterization for the timing details of the underlying ACA. In this paper, we investigate this promising direction by precisely characterizing the timing details of the EPC-Global G2 protocol and use it to derive a precise-optimal frame length model. The main objective of the model is to determine the optimal frame length value for the estimated number of tags that maximizes the performance of an RFID system. However, because precise estimation of the contending tags is difficult, we utilize a parametric-heuristic approach to maximize the system performance and propose two simple schemes based on the obtained optimal frame length-namely, Improved Dynamic-Frame Slotted Aloha (ID-FSA) and Exponential Random Partitioning-Frame Slotted Aloha (ERP-FSA). The ID-FSA scheme is based on the tag set estimation and frame size update mechanisms, whereas the ERP-FSA scheme adjusts the contending tag population in such a way that the applied frame size becomes optimal. The results of simulations conducted indicate that the ID-FSA scheme performs better than several well-known schemes in various conditions, while the ERP-FSA scheme performs well when the frame size is small.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2020

This paper deals with the effect of the mode shapes on the dynamic response of a multi-storey frame subjected to moving train loads which are modelled as loads of constant intervals with constant velocity using the finite element method. The multi-storey frame is modelled as a number of Bernoulli-Euler beam elements. First, the first few modes of the multi-storey frame are determined. Then, the effects of force span length to beam length ratio and velocity on dynamic magnification factor (DMF) are evaluated via 3D velocity-force span length to beam length ratio-DMF graphics and its 2D projections. By using 3D and 2D graphics, the directions of critical speeds that force the structure under resonance conditions are determined. Last, the mode shapes related to these directions are determined by the time history and frequency response graphs. This study has been limited by the vibration of the frame in the vertical direction.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.553-564
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• 2022

Many existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures need to be strengthening for reason such as poor construction quality, low ductility or designing without considering seismic effects. One of the strengthening methods is strengthening technique with eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). The characteristic element of these systems is the link element and its length is very important in terms of seismic behavior. The link element of Y shaped EBF systems (YEBFs) is designed as a short shear element. Different limits are suggested in the literature for the link length. This study to aim experimentally investigate the effect of the link length for the suggested limits on the behavior of the RC frame system and efficiency of strengthening technique. For this purpose, a total of 5 single story, single span RC frame specimens were produced. The design of the RC frames was made considering seismic design deficiencies. Four of the produced specimens were strengthened and one of them remained as bare specimen. The steel YEBFs were used in strengthening the RC frame and the link was designed as a shear element that have different length with respect to suggested limits in literature. The length of links was determined as 50mm, 100mm, 150mm and 200mm. All of the specimens were tested under cyclic loads. The obtained results show that the strengthening technique improved the energy consumption and lateral load bearing capacities of the bare RC specimen. Moreover, it is concluded that the specimens YB-2 and YB-3 showed better performance than the other specimens, especially in energy consumption and ductility.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2013

이동통신 시스템에 적용되는 적응변조방식의 변환은 주변 환경을 고려한 변환을 사용하므로, 변환 조건 및 이에 따른 전송량의 변화에 대한 관점에서 다루었으나, 이동통신 단말기와 같이 에너지 효율이 좋아야 하는 경우에는 이러한 적응방식이 성능을 낮게 할 경우가 발생한다. 따라서 전송효율만을 고려하던 기존방식에서 소비 에너지를 고려하고, 프레임 길이를 조절하여 사용하는 적응변조방식을 제어하는 최적화 방식을 제안한다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1987

단어음성인식에서 발성속도의 차이에 따른 단어음성 길이의 비선형적 변화는 정확한 인식을 어렵게 하는 주요한 원인이 되어 왔다. DP매칭은 시간축의 비선형 신축에 의해 시간정규화를 행함으로써 인식결과에 대한 신뢰성을 상당히 높였으나 시간정규화 파정에 요구되는 과도한 계산부담이 문제로 되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 시간정규화가 필요없는 방법으로 멀티섹션벡터양자화에 새로운 길이정규화법을 적용하는 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 종래의 고정프레임 길이정규화에 의해 멀티섹션코드북을 작성할 때보다. 정규화길이의 실정에 훨씬 융통성을 가질 수 있으므로 분석 및 거리계산의 양면에서 시간 단축을 가능케 하여 좀더 신속히 인식결과를 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있다

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 인지 무선 시스템에서의 새로운 프레임 길이 제어 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법에서는 유휴 기간 동안 시간이 지남에 따라 일차 사용자 패킷이 도착할 확률이 지속적으로 증가하는 특성을 이용한다. 증가하는 일차 사용자 패킷 도착확률에 따라 이차 사용자의 프레임 길이를 줄이면, 스펙트럼 센싱은 시간이 지남에 따라 더 자주 실행되며 일차 사용자의 도착 유무는 더욱 빠르게 검출될 수 있다. 간섭 제한량을 만족시키는 조건 하에 이차 사용자의 전송률을 극대화하는 최적의 프레임 길이를 구한다. 또한, 이러한 프레임 길이 제어 방법을 사용하였을 때의 상당량의 전송률 향상이 있음을 보인다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권2C호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2009

H.264/AVC의 매크로블록 단위의 비트율 제어 방법은 부적당한 양자화 파라미터 할당으로 인해 한 프레임에 할당된 목표 비트가 일찍 고갈되곤 하는 문제가 있다. 이 경우 잔여 매크로블록들을 부호화 하기 위해 제한 범위내의 가장 큰 양자화 파라미터가 사용되고 화질 저하로 이어진다. 또한 양자화 파라미터의 할당을 위해 사용되는 헤더 비트량 예측도 이전 프레임과 현재프레임의 부호화된 매크로블록들의 헤더 비트량의 평균으로 구해진다. 따라서 실제 발생하는 헤더 비트량과 오차가 크다. 본 논문에서는 현재 프레임에서 부호화 도중 발생하는 조기 목표 비트 고갈을 막기 위해 이전 프레임들에서 음수 목표 비트를 갖는 매크로블록의 수를 이용한 적응적 양자화 파라미터 결정 방법과 정확한 양자화 파라미터 결정을 위해 향상된 헤더 비트량 예측 방법을 제시한다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.679-705
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• 2005

This paper presents a practical method to evaluate the effective length factors for columns in multi-storey unbraced frames based on the concept of storey-based elastic buckling by means of decomposing a multi-storey frame into a series of single-storey partially-restrained (PR) frames. The lateral stiffness of the multi-storey unbraced frame is derived and expressed as the product of the lateral stiffness of each storey. Thus, the stability analysis for the multi-storey frame is conducted by investigating the lateral stability of each individual storey, which is facilitated through decomposing the multi-storey frame into a series of single-storey PR frames and applying the storey-based stability analysis proposed by the authors (Xu and Liu 2002) for each single-storey PR frame. Prior to introducing decomposition approaches, the end rotational stiffness of an axially load column is derived and rotational stiffness interaction between the upper and lower columns is investigated. Three decomposition approaches, characterized by means of distributing beam-to-column rotational-restraining stiffness between the upper and lower columns, are proposed. The procedure of calculating storey-based column effective length factors is presented. Numerical examples are then given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제29A권10호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

This paper proposes reservation-based multiple access with variable frame length (RMAV) which is a new multiple access scheme for indoor and outdoor wireless data communications. RMAV is based on the slot reservation scheme and adopts a frame structure with variable frame length. The frame length increases as the number of active terminals and/or the system load increases. As a result, RMAV is adapted to the changes in the traffic pattern, and it offers short delay in light load conditions and high throughput in heavy load conditions. The performance of RMAV is evaluated by simulations. In addition, it is compared with the performance of PRMA(packet reservation multiple access).

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.84-85
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• 2014

Green frame is column-beam structure composed of precast concrete members. Based on Revision of Structural Concrete Design Code, the bottom rebar of beam shall be extend at least 150mm into the support member. However, if the bottom rebar extend to satisfy Revision of Structural Concrete Design Code, the installation fo beam is impossible due to interference between the columns and beams. Thus, the aim of this study is estimation of production length of precast concrete beam by using splice length of bottom rebar. In this study to solve this problem, lap splice were used on the join. This study was calculated length of the reinforcement by the diameter. According to the length of the rebar, the production length of beam concrete was calculated. The results of this study will satisfy the Revision of Structural Concrete Design Code about column-beam connection when green frame will be applied.