• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.95-104
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of restraint (DOR) of longitudinal steel at continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) against environmental loadings. METHODS : To measure the longitudinal steel strain, 3-electrical resistance and self-temperature compensation gauges were installed to CRCP test section (thickness = 250mm, steel ratio = 0.7%) and continuously measured 10 min. intervals during 259 days. In order to properly analyze the steel strains first, temperature compensation process has been conducted. Secondly, measured steel strains were divided into 12 phases with different events such as before paving, during concrete hardening, and after first cracking, etc. RESULTS : Thermal strain rate (TSR) concept is defined as the linear strain variations with temperature changes and restraints rate of longitudinal steel against environmental loadings (especially thermal loading) with different cases is defined as degree of restraint(DOR). New concept of DOR could be indirect indicator of crack width behaviors of CRCP. CONCLUSIONS : Before paving, DOR of longitudinal steel is almost same at the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel ($12.44m/m/^{\circ}C$) because of no restraint boundary condition. After concrete pouring, DOR is gradually changed into -1 due to concrete stiffness developing with hydration. After first cracking at crack induced area, values of DOR are around -3~-5. The negative DOR stands for the crack width behavior instead of steel strain behavior. During winter season, DOR reached to -5.77 as the highest, but spring this values gradually reduced as -1.7 as the lowest. Based on this observation, we can presume crack width decreased over time within the time frame of this study. This finding is not consistent with the current theory on crack width variations over time, so further study is necessary to identify the causes of crack width reducing. One of the reasons could be related to concrete stress re-distribution and stress relaxation.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.79-88
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• 2009

A planned access method on constantly-changing-community unit plan changes and develops based on the periodical situation and also plan theory. In this research, it is to present the link between the theory of complex city change and the plan factor of it, and to show how Korean residential complex plan has changed as time passed and how new concept of city plan came up and by applying new methods how can this affect our real world and the past plan. In the phase of analysis, it analyzed the flow of 'community unit plan' and its theory and investigated the factor of compositional space and built a analysis frame. The factors of community unit plan are space structure, size and shape of block, population, distribution of facilities and movement system. It chose the place that can represent the flow of community unit plan trand and that indicates the obvious development leading to Jamsil (1975), Gwa Chun (1980), Mok Dong (1983), Sang Ge (1985), Ilsan (1989), Dong tan (2001) and Eun Jung (2003) total of 7 places. And to compare a similar size of the city, it selected a small community unit. Based on the result of theoretical study and prior research, it can be said that the space composition style has change from a whole complete complex area to a linked-cross over community unit and the access of urban level was on set. Also, a pedestrian walking area was secured and the dense of building structure and pleasant environment wanting need was in balance. For facility plans, the usage of facility and functional change brought change of type, size and disposition. The walking area for pedestrian became a huge matter. Therefore, market, education, public facilities and green system collaborated to co-build a whole community unit and activated the walking environment. Also, public transportation, environment friendly city organization was built.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 1988

Evaluation of accurate design moments in two directions is a primary concern in designing R/C Slab. For this purpose, the use of finite element method utilizing isoparametric plate element is proposed. An example of the simply supported slab shows that the results agree well wth those from elastic plate theory throughout the span. The finite element solutions are also compared with those from equivalent frame method in a flat plate example. It is indicated that the distribution of total moment through the width of design strip using the ACI coefficients is unreasonable. In contrary to this, for the same strip model, the finite element method gives accurate moments in two directions. The proposed method can be applied to any geometric configuration of the slab system, thus the approach is considered to be much advantageous and improved one compared with existing methods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2016

The natural moving objects are the most non-rigid shapes with randomly time-varying deformation, and its types also very diverse. Methods of non-rigid shape reconstruction have widely applied in field of movie or game industry in recent years. However, a realistic approach requires moving object to stick many beacon sets. To resolve this drawback, non-rigid shape reconstruction researches from input video without beacon sets are investigated in multimedia application fields. In this regard, our paper propose novel CPSRF(Chained Partial Stereo Rigid Factorization) algorithm that can reconstruct a non-rigid 3D shape. Our method is focused on the real-time reconstruction of non-rigid 3D shape and motion from stereo 2D video sequences per frame. And we do not constrain that the deformation of the time-varying non-rigid shape is limited by a Gaussian distribution. The experimental results show that the 3D reconstruction performance of the proposed CPSRF method is superior to that of the previous method which does not consider the random deformation of shape.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.2311-2320
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• 2022

The main outcomes of the experiments H2P6 performed in the thermal-hydraulics large-scale PANDA facility at PSI in the frame of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project are presented in this article. The experiments of the H2P6 series consists of two PANDA tests characterized by the activation of three (H2P6_1) or one (H2P6_2) cooler(s) in an initially stratified and pressurized containment atmosphere. The initial stratification is defined by a helium-rich region located in the upper part of the vessel and a steam/air atmosphere in the lower part. The activation of the cooler(s) results i) in the condensation of the steam in the vicinity of the cooler(s), ii) the corresponding activation of large scale natural circulation currents in the vessel atmosphere, with the result of iii) the re-distribution and mixing of the Helium stratification initially located in the upper half of the vessel and iv) the continuous pressure decay. The initial helium layer represents hydrogen generated in a postulated severe accident. The main question to be answered by the experiments is whether or not the interaction of the different, localized cooler units would be important for the application of numerical methods. The paper describes the initial and boundary conditions and the experimental results of the H2P6 series with the suggestion of simple scaling laws for both experiments in terms of i) the temperature difference(s) across the cooler(s), ii) the transient steam and helium content and iii) the pressure decay in the vessel. The outcomes of this scaling indicate that the interaction between separate, closely localized units does not play a prominent role for the present experiments. It is therefore reasonable to model several units as one large component with equivalent heat transfer area and total water flow rate.

• Journal of The Institute of Information and Telecommunication Facilities Engineering
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2007

According to an apartment house environment and the service provide method of major telecom operators, is providing optic-LAN service with installing the equipments of optical office center and optic distribution at MDF(Main Distribution Frame) and under-ground of apartment. therefore the distribute is deepening between service providers because of space securement to install equipments and spare pipe securement to reinstall UTP cable. These were reasons that operators leaned to subscriber collection and neglected to maintenance, in addition, insist the facilities invested by each operators is his own assets for all that in-plant of apartment house is private land. So, would not being touched by others. Accordingly, this study will search it through the field current condition examine that service's types and methods which various telecom operators and broadcast operators are providing, the current conditions of being maintained, the problems of being happened. etc. and would like to improve that the users could use the services safely by making the information & communication facilities maintenance mandatory under the regular size of apartment house circumstances through the analysis of various laws relations which are managed information & communication construction work law, telecommunication basis law, home network. etc. technical standards by the Ministry of Information and Communication and are managed housing law, construction law, the regulation related to house construct standards. etc. by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2017

Most crop damages have been occurred by vermin(e.g., wild birds and herbivores) during the period between seeding and the cotyledon level. In this study, to minimize the damage by vermin and acquire the benefits such as protection against weeds and maintenance of water content in soil, immediately vinyl mulching after seeding was devised. Vinyl mulching has been generally covered with black color vinyl, that crop seeding locations cannot be detected by visible light range. Before punching vinyl, non-contact and non-destructive methods that can continuously determine the locations are necessary. In this study, a crop position detection method was studied that uses infrared thermal image sensor to determine the cotyledon position under vinyl mulch. The moving system for acquiring image arrays has been developed for continuously detecting crop locations under plastic mulching on the field. A sliding mechanical device was developed to move the sensor, which were arranged in the form of a linear array, perpendicular to the array using a micro-controller integrated with a stepping motor. The experiments were conducted while moving 4.00 cm/s speed of the IR sensor by the rotational speed of the stepping motor based on a digital pulse width modulation signal from the micro-controller. The acquired images were calibrated with the spatial image correlation. The collected data were processed using moving averaging on interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the smallest in resolution units of 1.02 cm. For this study, the spline method was relatively faster than the other polynomial interpolation methods, because it has a lower maximum order of formulation when using a system such as the tridiagonal linear equation system which provided the capability of real-time processing. The temperature distribution corresponding to the distance between the crops was 10 cm, and the more clearly the leaf pattern of the crop was visually confirmed. The frequency difference was decreased, as the number of overlapped pixels was increased. Also the wave pattern of points where the crops were recognized were reduced.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.23-50
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• 2011

"LeiGongPaoZhiLun" is the first pharmaceutical book, and there are various opinion on when LeiXiao(雷斅), the author lived. From the aspect of several data, it is appropriate most that LeiXiao live in the period of Sui(隋) Dynasty, like SuSong(蘇頌) in the Sung Dynasty said, This book was not made at one time by one person. At the beginning, it was written by LeiXiao and the later generations enlarged to finish. The original of "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" disappeared already but a large amount of this book was quoted to "ZhengLeiBenCao(證類本草)" to be preserved. The contents of "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" are the first professional book about processing of medicinal, in which most of processing of medicinal that is generally used today, is included and some methods are unused. Besides, the regulations of this book are specific, the range is broad, and theoretical frame is established for the first time. This book has abundant contents, in which several processing of medicinal are written. There are 10 methods such as steaming(蒸法), boiling(煮法), baking(炮法), stir-frying(炒法), calcining(煅法), long time boiling(煉法), scorching(燒法), baking after wrapping(煨法), immersing(浸法), washing(洗法), flying(飛法), etc. How to remove some section that is not used for drug, how to separate according to medical use and region to be applied, how to smash, how to cut, how to dry, container for medicine, warning for making a prescription, time to make medicine and amount of medicine, how to distinguish superior and inferior and origin, how to make medicine partially, etc, are contained in this book. The contents of "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" can be mixture of processing of medicinal of medical scientists and taoists. In conclusion, however, the effect by the later medical generations of "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" was not great on processing of medicinal. It stemmed from the difference of processing of medicinal in this very taoistic book that realistic difficulties were disregarded by taoists for training and practical purpose, treatment that is the reason that later medical generations used processing of medicinal. Consequently, there is no great relation between the development of processing of medicinal in the Sung Dynasty and this book. "LeiGongYaoXingFu(雷公藥性賦)" that was abundant in medical market in Ming(明) and Qing(清) period has no relation with "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" is kind of a distribution-purposed book that was mnge in or after Ming Dynasty. However, since a book that is said to be written by 'LiGao(李杲)'PaoZhihis nof a dijust borrowed and focus on a brief summery, it is not desirable for beginners to learn medical knowledge. "LeiGongPaoZhiLun" is the first pharmaceutical book and is a model to show how a science in the history of the herb medicine generated and developed and how such a book is changed and modified to make a change of value.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-69
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• 2001

A new cost management system, called Activity Based Costing (ABC) system, has arisen to solve the limitation of a Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA) system until last two decades and ABC has been applied by many companies. TCA systems have limitation in tracing cost because they arbitrarily allocate overhead cost to the cost objects without standard for direct cost distribution. ABC is an accounting system that assigns costs to products or services based on the resources they consume. The costs of all activities are traced to the products for which they are performed. Therefore ABC is a cost management system that provides a matrix to accurately quantify consumed resources triggered by activities and activities triggered by products and services. There is little implementation of ABC in the health services field, one of service industries, due to complicated and many activities, and volatile cost object. However, the necessity for applying reasonable cost accounting system is largely issuing as strategy responding hostile environment, and financial pressure, and it is imperative to implement the Activity Based Costing (ABC) system. Therefore, this study presents the framework to develop ABC system for total health service organizations. Cost objects in this study base on medical service activities per health insurance claim from one general hospital located in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Medical service activities include all health insurance claims in the hospital. The purpose of the study is presenting useful tools and basic frame to develop Activity Based Costing system for health service organizations which want to use ABC system. The steps to develop ABC system for health service organizations are following: 1. Identifying of activity centers; 2. Definition of cost objects and activity by activity center; 3. Analysis of activity and tracing activity contribution; 4. Allocation of direct cost for specific activity; 5. Allocation of indirect cost for specific activity; 6. Allocation of depreciation for facilities, applicants, and consumption goods; 7. Allocation of administration cost; 8. Allocation of cost among activity centers; and 9. Tracing cost of cost objects by activity center. This study identified necessary information from existing reports which hospitals generally made by each step, and defined outcome which had to be produced in each step using this information. The steps of this study had limitation to apply all different size hospitals because the steps were structured ABC system by one hospital, however, this study used similar basic framework and methods with general cases. When a health service organization want to apply Activity Based Costing (ABC) system on all activities of it in future days, this study is very useful to design system structure in the health service organization.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1-14
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current states of interior design as a major at vocational high schools and to suggest ways in which it can be improved. Three hundred and four students and twelve teachers of two vocational high schools comprised the sample population for this study. Data was collected using two methods, questionnaires and interviews. Frequency distribution, mean, and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study are as follows: The student respondents were more interested in studying residential design, furniture design and making, drafting and perspective drawing than other areas of study. Most teachers had difficulties teaching the subject of residential design because they were not well educated with this area. Surprisingly most students hoped to extend their education to a university or college after graduation, not to enter the workforce. According to teachers'responses, almost ninety percentage of students entered university or college. And more than two thirds of the students desired to study an interior design related major at the university level. Among graduates having jobs, half of them were working in interior design fields. If the students had to choose their jobs, they would work in interior design fields. The variables differentiating several related careers after graduation were school, grade, and sex. The students viewed interior design, interior coordination, and CAD related work as fields likely to enter upon graduating from vocational high schools; however, teachers viewed furniture making, interior accessorizing, and home fashion as fields more appropriate to the students'level of training. The teacher respondents criticized the textbooks in four categories; suitability with the students'level was average or below average; students'interest level and students'understanding level were average or above average; and whether the book was easy or difficult to be utilized for the purposes of teaching was also average or above average. The criticism was a little diverse depending on each book or each chapter. The teachers pointed out several problems using those books, such as insufficient examples or explanation, lack of coherence between some chapters, and an incompatibility with the allotted time frame in class. The merits of the textbooks varied such as a well organized structure, ability to generate students'interest. This study revealed that the strategy for improving the interior design major at vocational high schools should invoke, 1) dividing students into two groups-one to enter a university; the other to have jobs after graduation to focus their interests. 2) improving textbooks more appropriate to the students. 3) providing present teachers the opportunities for in-service training and hiring new teachers with credentials more suitable to educate students who desire to be interior designers.