• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.216-231
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• 2007

Objectives : Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san are prescriptions used for cerebral infarction clinically; it is known that these formulas reduce ischemic damage. According to previous research data, controlling certain types of glucose is considered to decrease the risk of cerebral infarction. Based on this fact, we investigated the effects of Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san extracts on reperfusion following ischemic damage to diabetic rats, the change of c-FOS and Bax positive neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and protein through immunohistochemical methods, changes of serum glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and hepatic glucokinase activity. Methods : We induced ischemic damaged in diabetic rats, and the rats were administered Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san extracts. Results : Chengsimyeunja-eum demonstrated significant decrease of c-Fos positive neurons in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex as well as a significant decrease of Bax positive neurons in hippocampus after ischemic damage on diabetic rats and decrease of serum glucose level after ischemic damage on diabetic rats. Sunghyangjungi-san demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos and Bax positive neurons in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex after ischemic damage on diabetic rats. Conclusions : Chengsimyeunja-eum, effect on glucose level control, has a remarkable effect of protection of neurons not effective on glucose level. Sunghyangjungi-san showed neuroprotective effect through preventing neuronal cell death.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-21
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• 2004

The purpose of study is that we will observe the change of c-fos with the immunohistochemistry method and then we will study the effect of micro current stimulation following the frequency after inducing pain to rats with capsaicin. Rat were classified to SD and they have growed for 8 weeks. We classify to four groups, ordinal group is used in experiment I, the group which we induce pain is used in experiment II, the application group which we induce pain and then the high frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment III, the application group which we induce pain and then the low frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment IV, we get the following result. Compare with experiment II, experiment III, and experiment IV from acute pain modal in the immunohistochemistry experiment which has c-fos protein as an antigen, c-fos immunoreactive positive neurons significantly after induced pain for two hours(p<0.001). According to these results, from rats induced pain, micro current stimulation effect to reducing pain, but following frequency micro current stimulation theraphy isn't different from immunoreactive c-fos

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2017

Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is a traditional oriental medicine that has been widely used as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory in Korea. This study was performed that the 70% ethanol extract of the roots of C. tricuspidata (CTE) suppressed receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis, actin ring formation in RAW 264.7 cell lines. CTE significantly inhibited the JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway without affecting ERK and p38 signaling in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Also, CTE inhibited RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, an upstream activator of NFATc1. Consequently, CTE suppresses osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting RANKL induced MAPK signaling pathways and disrupts the actin rings in mature osteoclasts. Thus, CTE can be used for the development of osteoporosis treatment drug with a natural material.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.545-551
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• 2009

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) affect the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1), which plays an important role in regulating a range of cellular processes. However, the roles of these signaling factors on hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced cell death are unclear. This study examined the effects of $H_2O_2$ on the activation of MAPK and AP-1 by exposing the cells to $H_2O_2$ generated by either glucose oxidase or a bolus addition. Exposing BJAB or Jurkat cells to $H_2O_2$ affected the activities of MAPK differently according to the method of $H_2O_2$ exposure. $H_2O_2$ increased the AP-1-DNA binding activity in these cells, where continuously generated $H_2O_2$ led to an increase in mainly the c-Fos, FosB and c-Jun proteins. The c-Jun-$NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated activation of c-Jun was shown to be related to the $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. However, the suppression of $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress by either JNK inhibitor or c-Jun specific antisense transfection was temporary in the cells exposed to glucose oxidase but not to a bolus $H_2O_2$. This was associated with the disruption of death signaling according to the severe and prolonged depletion of reduced glutathione. Overall, these results suggest that $H_2O_2$ may decide differently the mode of cell death by affecting the intracellular redox state of thiol-containing antioxidants, and this depends more closely on the duration exposed to $H_2O_2$ than the concentration of this agent.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-137
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• 2002

C-fos는 원종양유전자(proto-oncogene)인 v-fos의 세포 동족체로써, 성장인자나 신경전달 물질에 의해 수분 내에 다양한 형태의 세포에서 활성화된다. Fos단백질은 스트레스와 통증 과정의 신호전달기전에서 세포활동을 조절하는 3차전령으로 활동한다. 열충격 단백질(Heat shock protein : 이하 HSP)은 계통발생학적으로 초기 척추 동물에서부터 발현되며 생체방어체계의 중요한 인자로 세포가 고열, 외상, 허혈 등의 스트레스에 직면했을 때 발현이 증가하는 단백질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 캡사이신(capsaicin)으로 말초 신경병변을 유발시킨 후 통각신경활성의 지표로 이용되는 원종양 유전자인 c-fos의 발현과 열 또는 스트레스로 야기되는 손상에 대한 조직의 방어작용으로 발현되는 HSP 70의 발현을 동시에 관찰함으로서, 급성으로 유발된 말초 신경병변의 확인과 동시에 실험동물 체내에서 방어적인 역할을 밝히는 일환으로 이 실험을 실시하였다. 본 실험의 결과는 다음과 같다; 1. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층(Laminae I and II)에서 각각 c-fos와 HSP70을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화학적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 0.9% NaCI 투여 2시간 후 c-fos와 HSP70의 양성을 나타내는 세포는 전혀 없음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층에서 c-fos 단백질을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화학적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 Capsaicin 투여 2시간 후 c-fos 단백질에 양성을 나타내는 세포가 많이 발현됨을 육안적 관찰로서 알 수 있었다. 3. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층에서 HSP70을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화확적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 Capsaicin 투여 2시간 후 HSP7O의 양성을 나타내는 세포가 보통수준으로 발현됨을 육안적 관찰로서 알 수 있었다. 이 실험의 결과로 볼 때, 화학적인 신경병변 유발물질에 의한 손상을 방어하기 위해서 체내에는 내인성 물질이 형성될 것이라는 추측과 c-fos 가 다른 유전자의 발현을 유도한다는 점을 함께 고려 하였을때, Capsaicin에 의한 말초 신경병변에서 c-fos 발현이 많이 나타나는 것은 손상을 방어하는 물질의 생성에 관여하기 때문이며, 방어물질 중 이 실험에서 본 HSP70도 증가한 내인성 방어물질의 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.119-138
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the bee venom(BV) aqua-acupuncture on the neuronal activities of serotonergic(5-HT) system in the brainstem. After the BV aqua-acupuncture was applied on Chok-Samni(ST36) and the gluteal part(Blank locus) in rats, the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons was counted by using computerized image analyzing system. Also, the number of colocalization between 5-HT containing neurons Fos immunoreactive neurons were analyzed by using the double immunohistochemical technique. The results of the experiments were summarized as follows : 1. In almost every neucli, the Chok-Samni group and Blank locus group showed more increase in the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons than the control group. Especially, in Arc, DR, LC, RMg, Gi, PAG Rost and PAG LV, the Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the control group. Also, in PAG LV Mid and Arc, Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the Blank locus group. 2. In DR and PAG LV Mid, Chok-Samni group and the Blank locus group showed more significant increase in the number of colocalization between 5-HT containing neurons and Fos immunoreactive neurons than the control group after the BV aqua- acupuncture. Also, the Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the Blank locus group. Consequently, the BV aqua-acupuncture increased more potent the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons and the activity of serotonergic neurons. Furthermore, the BV aqua-acupuncture was more effective on Chok-Samni than Blank locus group. These results indicate that the BV aqua-acupuncture is very effective therapy to control pain. The therapeutic effect of BV aqua-acupunture may associated with the endogenous modulatory system such as serotonin Those data from the study can be applied to establish the effective treatment of the BV for pain control in the clinical field.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.997-1004
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• 2022

To verify the nutritional superiority and safety of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae fed a food source containing soybean curd cake, the nutrients and harmful substances of larvae reared only with fermented oak sawdust and a food source containing soybean curd cake were comparatively analyzed. The crude protein content was 50.0% in the larvae fed with a food source containing soybean curd cake (SCC), which was 1.1 times higher than that of the larvae fed with fermented oak sawdust (FOS) at 44.7%. Potassium, which showed the highest content among macrominerals, was 2.5 times higher in SCC (3,169.6 mg/100 g) than in FOS (1,245.9 mg/100 g). Among trace minerals, zinc showed 12.6 times higher content than FOS (8.2 mg/100 g) in SCC (103.0 mg/100 g). As a result of the analysis of harmful substances, all heavy metals met the edible insect control standards, and pathogenic microorganisms, such as E. coli and Salmonella spp, were not detected. According to the above study, the larvae of P. brevitarsis fed soybean curd cake contain various nutrients, and safety has also been confirmed, so it is judged to be suitable for use as food.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2005

A cumulative evidence indicates that consumption of tea catechin, flavan-3-ol derived from green tea leaves, lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise mechanism for this cardiovascular action has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different green tea catechins, such as epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in primary cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation was used to assess VSMC hypertrophy, protein kinase assay, and western blot analysis were used to assess mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and RT-PCR was used to assess c-jun or c-fos transcription. Ang II increased [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation into VSMC. However, EGCG and ECG, but not EGC or EC, inhibited [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation increased by Ang II. Ang II increased phosphorylation of c-Jun, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK in VSMC, however, EGCG and ECG , but not EGC or EC, attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation increased by Ang II. ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by Ang II were not affected by any catechins. Ang II increased c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression in VSMC, however, EGCG inhibited c-jun but not c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. ECG, EGC and EC did not affect c-jun or c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. Our findings indicate that the galloyl group in the position 3 of the catechin structure of EGCG or ECG is essential for inhibiting VSMC hypertrophy induced by Ang II via the specific inhibition of JNK signaling pathway, which may explain the beneficial effects of green tea catechin on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases observed in several epidemiological studies.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.69-81
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• 2015

Purpose : The first purpose of this study is to find out whether the water extract of Rehmanniae Radix Preparat(RRP), Cuscutae Semen(CS) and their combination(Ssangbohwan, SBH) have the effect of suppressing Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. The second purpose of this study is to find out whether the water extract of RRP, CS and SBH have the effect of inhibiting osteoporosis in an osteoporosis model induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods : After promoting differentiation of osteoclasts by treating the RANKL, we observed the effect by the administration of RRP, CS and SBH. In addition, by means of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), we assayed mRNA expression levels of NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP and GAPDHS(Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogeni) from bone marrow macrophages(BMMs). Similarly, the protein expression levels of NFATc1 (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic1), C-Fos, MAPKs(Mitogen-activated protein kinases) and ${\beta}$-actin in cell lysates were analyzed by means of Western Blotting. Finally, we determined the anti-osteoporotic effects of RRP, CS and SBH, through the use of Lipopolysaccharide-induced bone-loss mouse. Results : RRP, CS and SBH showed remarkable inhibitive effect on RANKL-treated osteoclast differentiation without cytotoxicity. SBH inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK), and I-${\kappa}B$ and down-regulated the induction of c-Fos and NFATc1 by RANKL. RRP, CS suppressed degradation of I-${\kappa}B$, but it did not affect c-Fos and NFATc1 by RANKL. Lastly, in vivo data showed that RRP and SBH prevented bone erosion by LPS treatment. Conclusions : These results demonstrate SBH can be effective remedy for bone-loss diseases such as osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2011

Objectives : We have studied to know analgesic effects of the combination of Aconitum Cilliare Tuber with honey in the models of peripheral neuropathic pain. Methods : Neuropathic pain model was made by ligating left 5th lumbar spinal nerve. After 3 days, combination of Aconitum Ciliare Tuber and honey extract was administrated each alternate day. Administration was divided three groups, that is NP-OA1(0.06 mg/ml), NP-OA2(0.24 mg/ml), and NO-OA3(0.96 mg/ml). After that, we examined the withdrawl response of neuropathic rats legs by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also we examined c-Fos, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(GPT) and change of weight. Results : Mechanical allodynia in NP-OA1 groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group. Cold allodynia in all experimental groups were no significant differences with the control group. c-Fos protein expression on the central grey, all experimental groups were lower than that of control groups. But, there were no statistically significant differences. Change of weight in all experimental groups were significantly increased compare with the control group. In blood serum GOT in NP-OA1, NP-OA2 groups were significantly decreased compare with the control group. In blood serum GPT in all experimental groups were no significant difference with the control group. Conclusions : We had noticed that the combination of Aconitum Ciliare Tuber and honey decreased mechanical allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group and it has not efficacy in elevation of GOT, GPT and weight loss etc., the element of which becomes damage to liver. This study can be proposed that Aconitum Ciliare with Honey may be applicable to neuropathic pain in clinic. But it is reliability not that cold allodynia and c-Fos expression have effectively to control pain. Therefore we have to follow up about that.