• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

In Korea, the occurrence frequency of earthquakes has recently increased, compared with the past. So, the various damages for cultural properties due to earthquake can be expected, and especially fortress structure is vulnerable to earthquake. Therefore, the resonable seismic characteristics evaluation is required to secure the safety for fortress structure with the various construction and configuration types. Also, we should consider the various applied load conditions as design variables. To this end, this study classifies fortress structures according to the construction and configuration types, and then applies the discrete element method to model and analyze fortress structures. Finally, the seismic characteristics is evaluated through slip condition due to the analysis results considering the various design variables.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.126-143
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• 2013

신라의 산성 중 정확한 축성시기와 주체를 밝힐 수 있는 것은 경주의 명활산성(明活山城)과 남산신성(南山新城) 등 몇 개소에 불과하다. 명활산성은 작성비와 발굴조사 결과 확인된 체성의 축조기법과 보축을 기준으로 7세기 이전의 산성으로 보았다. 그러나 남산신성의 경우 북서 골짜기에서 찾은 초축시기(591년)의 석축 성벽 한곳을 제외하면 증축시기(679년)로 추정하였다. 경주 왕도에 있는 이들 산성의 축성방법을 기준으로 최근 조사된 각종 산성의 축성모습을 검토하여 축조연대를 추정하여 보았다. 그 결과 명활산성의 축조와 비슷한 모습을 보이는 함안 성산산성(城山山城)은 축조방법과 보축 등에서 6세기 중반경으로 보았고, 이와 축조수법이 유사한 김해 양동산성(良洞山城)과 양산 신기산성(新基山城)을 비슷한 시기로 설정하였다. 다만, 고령의 주산성(主山城)을 살펴보면 축조수법이 이들과 비슷하지만, 보축의 축조기법과 제한적인 보축에서 다소 시기차가 떨어지는 것으로 보았다. 이들과는 별도로 남산신성에서 확인되는 잔존성벽 대부분을 증축시기의 것으로 보고 이와 유사한 축조수법을 보이는 함양 사근산성(沙斤山城)과 거제 다대산성(多大山城)을 동시기로 설정하였다. 체성에서 확인되는 치석된 장방형의 성돌로 바른층쌓기한 점과 형식적으로 남은 보축을 설정근거로 하였다. 또한 김해 양동산성과 함양 사근산성에서의 단면 삼각형 수구, 김해 신기산성에서는 보축이 있는 석성축조에 앞서 선축된 목책의 흔적이 확인되어 이 지역에서는 좀처럼 보기 힘든 조사성과를 확인하였다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2011

With the accumulations of outcomes from archaeological excavations of mountain fortress of three kingdoms period, there have been studies about time-periodic territory range of mountain fortress, difference in the way(method) of construction, defence system and so on from various points of view. This is an empirical study on the construction method of the valley part of stone fortress. First of all, it is required to secure large quantity of fresh water for those who lived at mountain fortress. Especially when builders of fortress construct a fortification at the valley part of stone fortress, in advance they must sufficiently consider several options including the establishment of sustainable water resources. First, when it comes to build a fortification on a ridge[or a slope] of a mountain, you have only to consider a vertical stress. However, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, You must have more sufficient preparations for the constructing process. Because there are not only a vertical stress but also a horizontal pressure simultaneously. Second, a fortification of mountain fortress built by using unit building stone is a structure of masonry construction like brick construction, and the valley part of it is where the construction of the fortification begins. Third, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, it seems that they use a temporary method such as coffer dam in oder to prevent the collapse of the fortification due to heavy rain. Furthermore, in response to a horizontal pressure a fortification is built by the way of its plane make an arch, or by piling up the soil with the plate method(類似版築) and earthen wall harder method(敷葉) they increase cross-sectional area of the fortification and its cutoff capacity. In front direction they put the reservoir facility for the fear that the hydraulic pressure and earth pressure are directly transmitted to the fortification. The process of constructing the fortification at the valley part of a mountain is done in the same oder as follows; leveling of ground(整地) ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of coffer dam ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at bottom part of spill way(餘水路) between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of spill way(餘水路) & reservoir facility ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at upper part of spill way between the both banks of the valley. Coffer dam facility seems to be not only the protection device on occasion of flood but also an important criterion to measure the proper height of spill way or tailrace(放水路). This study has a meaningful significance in that it empirically examines the method of reduction of the horizontal pressure which the fortification at the valley part of a mountain takes, the date the construction was done, and wether the changes in climate such as heavy rainfall influence the process of construction.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2013

This paper looked into the structure of and changes in the building process of Gijang mountain fortress and its receiving reservoir by analyzing data from an excavation investigation. The structure of the receiving reservoir may be classified into a flat form, stone sheath, floor facility, wall facility, and entry and exit facility. The flat form of the Gijang mountain fortress and receiving reservoir is round. Concerning the sectional form, the wall was obliquely excavated in the trapezoid. As a stone sheath building method, it was built by undertaking a range work of oblong stone materials in a clockwise direction on a stamped soil floor. Then, it was treated with stamping using double layers of gray clay and yellowish brown clay on the floor and the wall. Also, in a space between the stamped layers on the floor, herbal plants and a straw mat were laid for waterproofing as well as to prevent sinking. As an entry and exit facility, two facilities were confirmed symmetrically in the southeast and in the northwest. It is believed that they were built additionally during rebuilding after the initial construction. The building process was revealed to have been carried out in 8 stages. Given the structure and excavated remains, the building period is estimated to be the early to mid 7th century for the initial building, the later 9th to 11th centuries for the primary rebuilding, and the later 16th to early 17th centuries for the secondary rebuilding.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권14호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1993

1. Metallurgical Properties of Iron artifacts excavated from Yangju-Mountain fortress were studied for the scientific conservation and metallurgical history of ancient Iron artifacts.2. Iron artifacts form Yangju-Mountain fortress were found to be the products of having well-established Carburizing and remelting technique in that period.3. These artifacts seem to be manufactured from very pure ores, because very pure ferrite structure and low impurity.4. Especially evidence of very suitable carburizing technic well-established and usealloying method of Fe-C system on purpose were found.5. Cast iron artifacts were found to be eutectic composition (4.31%) having lowestmelting point in Fe-C system.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

Vegetation structure of Sungheung fortress in Buyeo was investigated to suggest a desirable management proposal. Forset communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus densiflora community, Quercus serrata community and Quercus aliena community. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Castanea crenata, Styrax japonica, Quercus acutissima and Prunus sargentii were 34.81, 13.57, 12.63, 6.73, 6.40, 4.70, 4.54 and 3.65. According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spec. will be continuosly increased. It should be prepared that vegetation management plan over the castle wall should be considered before the repair or restoration of castle wall. Vegetation management around castle wall should be carried out according to the mid or long-term plan and it would be needed to consider the gradual changes from planted Pinus rigida to the historical vegetation of Pinus densiflora.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2010

The the purpose of this study was to analyze of the vegetation structure and phytosociological changes in the area adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress for fifteen years. The result of this study was as follows; Of the 8 quadrates, site of the North Gate 2 was having a highest in the number of extinct trees, 15 kinds. This is probably due to trampling effect caused by climbers' steps. Site of the West Gate 1 and South gate 1 each had 8 kinds of extinct trees, respectively. The number of newly appeared trees was highest at site of the North Gate 1, (8 kinds) followed by the sites of South gate 1 and South gate 2, respectively (5 kinds). The highest decrease in number of tree species was observed in North Gate 1, therefore, there is a strong relationship between vegetation diversity and the number of users of the available spaces. In order to revitalize the unstable vegetation structure of the Area Adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress, Robinia pseudo-acacia has to be well maintained in the shrub tree layer, and vines, such as Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, and Pueraria thungergiana, should be removed. To recover natural vegetation, dead leaf layer should be protected, and more shrub trees need to be planted. In the understory and shrub tree layer, multi layer tree planting is highly recommended to recover natural vegetation and increase tree diversity. In order to improve bad soil condition caused by trampling effect of recreational users, special treatments to the soil structure are required, such as mulching and raking soil. Also, depending on its soil damage from users trampling, the areas in the park should be divided into usable areas and user limited areas by the sabbatical year system. To improve the soil acidity due to acidic rain, soil buffering ability should be improved by activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2011

This study examined the background and change of building Yeongam eupseong and characteristics and construction method of its spatial structure. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, Yeongam eupseong was built for the same purpose of national border defense against the invasion of Japanese army as other Eupseongs were built and it was found first in the literature in the era of King Munjong of Joseon Dynasty with the scale of three gates and 4,369 cheok of castle wall. Such a scale was continued and in particular, according to flat structure, road network and gate position shown in the map, the form and road system of Yeongam eupseong before the 19th century were mostly identical with the current ones. Second, castle wall was built over foundation by using talcum after leveling the foundation soil and castle wall can be divided into outer wall, filling part and inner wall from the section. Outer wall was constructed by inserting and layering pebbles with big irregular stone, filling part was made with talcum and riprap and inner wall with soil in several layers by keeping gradient. This building method showed common features in inserting and layering pebbles for outer wall, use of protruded base and section form compared to Jeollado Eupseong.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2007

경상북도 문경시에 위치하고 있는 고모산성에서 발굴된 5세기 무렵 신라시대의 것으로 추정되는 대형 지하식 목조구조물의 부재 시료 12점을 대상으로 광학현미경 기법을 사용하여 수종 식별을 실시한 결과 참나무과에 속하는 활엽수 목재 8점 그리고 소나무과에 속하는 침엽수 목재 4점이 확인되었다. 활엽수 목재 8점 가운데 5점이 상수리나무류, 2점이 졸참나무류 그리고 1점이 밤나무인 것으로 식별되었다. 한편, 침엽수 목재는 4점 모두 소나무인 것으로 식별되었다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2012

Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.