• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.9-11
• /
• 1992

To examine aluminum toxicity on woody plants, Forsythia koreana cuttings were grown in the aluminum solution and ground water(pH 6.75). Aluminum solution were prepared 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0mM aluminum potassium sulfate, dilulted with ground water. Shoot growth, leaf number, leaf injury and leaf chlorophyll content were measured and compared among the treatments. In all growth-related characters(shoot growth. leaf number, leaf injury and leaf chlorophyll content), differences among the treatments were highly significant. Forsythia koreana cuttings were severely stressed in aluminum solution more than 1.0mM concentration.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.6-9
• /
• 1993

To examine aluminum toxicity on woody plants, Forsythia koreans and Platanus occidentalis cuttings were grown in the pot(48$\times$33$\times$9cm) filled with sand, and treated aluminum solution and ground water (pH 6.75) 3times per week from April 28, 1993 to June 16. Aluminum solution were prepared 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0mM aluminum potassium sulfate, dilulted with ground water. Growth-related characters (Shoot growth, leaf number and leaf chlorophyll content ) and root growth were measured and compared among the treatments. In all growth-related characters(Shoot growth, leaf number and leaf chlorophyll content), differences among the treatments were highly significant. In root growth, differences among the treatments were highly significant for Forsythia koreana cuttings, but not for Platanus occidentalis cuttings.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the experimental soil in Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils (nursery soil: forest soil of siliceous sandy loam = 1 : V/V)in the early spring of 1985. The regime of artificil acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per monthly and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain (pH 2.0, pH4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nitric acid in the ratio of 3:2 (chemical equivalant basis) diluted ground water, were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season (May 1 to August 31) in 1985. THe results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. Soil acidity was dropped, and exchangeable aluminum contents in the soil was dramatically increased in both species, with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. 2. Exchangeable potassium, clacium, magnesium contents, and base saturation degree of the soil were highly drcreased in two species as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. 3. In two species, sulfate concentrations in the soil were decreased of pH 4.0 treatment, and remarkably increased at pH 2.0 treatment of acid rain in comparison with control. 4. Total nitrogen and available phosphate contents of the soil were not affected by acid rain treatment in the both species, and Fe contents at pH 2.0 treatment were highest among three acid rain treatments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.77 no.3
• /
• pp.259-268
• /
• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on nutrient contents of plant tissues in Pintos densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils(nursery soil : forest soil of siliceous sandy loam=1 : 1 v/v) in the early spring of 1986. The regime of artificial acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per month and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain(pH 2.0, pH 4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nutric acid in the ratio of 3 : 2(chemical equivalant basis) diluted with ground water were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season(May 1 to August 31) in 1986. The results obtained in this study were as follow : (1) As for the nitrogen contents in plant tissues, P. densiflora increased significantly in one-year-old stembranch and root tissues, and F. koreana increased significantly in leaf and root tissues, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (2) The available phosphate contents in root tissues of P. densiflora, and in leaf and root tissues of F. koreana were significantly decreased, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (3) $K_2O$, CaO and MgO contents in plant tissues were significantly decreased in the both species as the pH levels decreased. And the effects of acid rain on F. koreana were higher than those of P. densiflora. (4) Sulfur contents of plant tissues in the both species were increased at pH 2.0 treatment. There were significant differences among three acid rain treatments in leaf and root tissues of P. densiflora, and in all parts of F. koreana. (5) In the effects of simulated acid rain on the both species and the tested soils, in general, F. koreana revealed higher sensitiveness than P. densiflora, and the lower pH levels of simulated acid rain were treated, the more sharp reaction was showed.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.115-198
• /
• 1987

The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the influence of auxins, auxin-like substance-ethychlozate ("Figaron"),and pH and sort of rooting media on rooted propagation of certainornamental woody plant cuttings, and to see possible changes in internal compositions characterizing after root-promoting treatment as the cutting stage proceeded. The experimental check-up srevealed and summarized as seen in the following;I. Effect of three different auxin treatments on rooting cuttings: 1) Promotive influence of auxin varied according to different concentration levels, hours of dipping treatment of the auxins, and kind of plants. The greatest effect was obtained for Forsythia ksreana with NAA and IBA, for Ligustrurn obtusifolium var. variegatum with NAA and ethychlozate, for Hydrangea macrophylla, Magnolia kobus, and Magnolia liliflora with NAA, lBA and ethychlozate also. The most effective level of the promotive agents was found 200mg/l for NAA, 1000mg/l for IBA, and 200mg/l for ethychlozate. For Weigela florida and Gardenia jasminoides, range of the most effective level was shown relatively wide spread. 2) NAA was more effective at its optimal level of the rooting agent than ethychiozate for Weigela florida, Viburnum awabuki, Forsythia koreana, Acer palmatum 'Nomura', Bouga invillea glabra, Elaeagnus umbellata, Prunus tomentosa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Pyracantha coccinea, Cestrum noctu rnum, Hydrangea macrophylla, Codiaeum variegatum, Rhododen dron lateritium, and Ilex crenata var. macrophylla, and yet ethychlozate was found either as equally as effective or more so than NAA for Zebrina pendula, Hibiscus syriacus, Fatshedera lizei, Schefflera arboricola, Campsis grandiflo ra, Ixora chinensis, Euonymus japonica, and Magnolia liliflora. On the contrary, no the auxin effect was noted with Lagerstroemia indica, Trachelospermum asiaticum, and Syringa vulgaris. This probably indicates that these species are genetically different for the auxin response.II. Effect of different pH and sorts of cutting media on rooting cuttings: 1) Bougainvillea showed best in rooting for the number and dry weight at pH 6.5, more with ethychlozate than NAA, while Ligustrum did at pH 5.0 more with NAA than ethychlozate. pH 4.0 medium resulted in the best rooting for Rhododendron with NAA, more than ethychlozate. 2) Use of cutting medium with peat: perlite: vermiculite = 1:1:1 showed to give the greatest rooting percent and dry weight, apart from considering the number of roots. This apparently meant the fact that cutting medium has more to do with root growth than root differentiation. Rhododendron yet showed results with cutting media that use of peat: perlite = 2:1 mixed is more effective on rooting than using peat alone.III. Effect of auxinic treatments on rooting cuttings and change in some cutting compositions: 1) Under the climatic conditions of July having temperature $26.3\pm$$2.4^{\circ}C$for cutting bed, new roots of Magnolia started to show up generally 20 days after the cutting was made, whereas Cestrum did much earlier than that, namely 14 days after. 2) Although total carbohydrate content of Magnolia cuttings showed no marked change without auxin treatment, it did so with the treatment, especially 30 days after the start of cutting. Cestrum cuttings demonstrated a gradual in crease in total carbohydrate content as rooting took place, and the content became reduced more with auxin than with out, just about when rooting proceeded to 14 days after the start of cutting. 3) Magnolia generally showed an increase in total nitrogen content as rooting proceeded more, and Cestrum showed a decrease in total nitrogen of cuttings. The auxin treatment exhibited no pertinent relation with change in plant nitro gen when rooting is promoted with auxin treatment. 4) An abrupt drop of total sugar and reducing sugar was noticed as Magnolia rooting started, and this reduction was parti cularly outstanding with auxin treatment. Starch content also was decreased in the later stage of cutting with auxin treatment, and was rather increased without auxin. Although sugar content soon increased as cutting started with auxin treatment in the case of Cestrum, it became reduced after rooting took place. 5) Total phenol content increased with rooting, and this was especially true when rooting started. This increase was reversed somehow regardless of auxin treatment. A decrease in phenol of Magnolia was found more striking with auxin than without in the later stage of the cutting period. 6)Avena coleoptile test for auxin-like substances presented the physiologically active factor is more in easy-to-root Magnolia liliflora than hard-to-root Magnolia kobus, and the activity of auxin-like substances was much increased with auxin treatment. The increase in the growth promoting substances was markedly pronounced when rooting just started. The active growth substances decreased in the later stage of cutting, and certain inhibitory substances started appearing. Cestrum also showed physiologically similar growth promoting substances accompanying auxin-like active substances if auxin is treated, and some strong inhibitory substances seemed to appear in the later stage of cutting. 7) Mung-bean-rooting test indicated biologically that endogenous growth substances in Magnolia all promoted mung-bean rooting, and activity of the growth substances apparently stimulated mung-bean rooting with auxin more than without. Here auxin treatment seemed to give a rise to an increased activity of endogenous growth substances in cuttings. This activity was found much greater with either NAA or IBA than ethychlozate, and showed its peak of the activity when rooting first started taking place. Certain inhibitory substances for Avena coleoptile growth strongly promoted mung-bean rooting, and it was also much like in the case of Cestrum.