• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.24-37
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this literature review is to analyze process of manufacture and formulation and toxicity of Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略)'s external applicants for modern and safe using. Methods : This study used the Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略) reprinted by Zhao Kaimei(趙開美) as basic data for a understanding of the manufacture and formulation and toxicity for external applicants. Among the 25 chapters, the 22 chapters were studied except for the last three chapters, which are known to be written by later writers. Based on the above, Geumgweyoryeok(金匱要略)'s external applicants was analyzed the process of manufacture, formulation and the toxicity. Results : There are 11 types of external applicants of Geumgweyoryak(金匱要略). Washing method(洗法) was used 2 times, Drop method(瀝法) was used 1 time, Smoke method(熏法) was used 2 times, Rubbing method(摩法) was used 1 time, Plaster method(敷法) was used 2 times, Invading method(浸法) was used 1 time, Suppository method (坐法) was used 2 times, Flatiron method(烙法) was used 1 time. According to classified the modern formulation, there are 4 types of powder formulation, 4 types of liquid formulation, 2 types of suppository, and 1 type of Semi-solid formulation. Especially toxic drugs, such as Realgar(雄黃) or Hydrocerussite(鉛粉), should be careful. When Realgar(雄黃) smokes, a toxic substance called AS2O3 can come out. Hydrocerussite(鉛粉) can cause lead poisoning. Lead increases the risk of anemia, dehydration, and lead neuropathy when chronically exposed. Conclusion : We supposed that this study can serve as a basic data to help clinical Korean doctors to use the prescription for external applicants more safely and to easily apply it in the form of external applicants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.296-303
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• 2022

Background: Skin microbiota is important for maintenance of skin homeostasis; however, its disturbance may cause an increase in pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, we aimed to develop a red ginseng formulation that can selectively promote beneficial bacteria. Methods: The effects of red ginseng formulation on microorganism growth were analyzed by comparing the growth rates of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes. Various preservatives mixed with red ginseng formulation were evaluated to determine the ideal composition for selective growth promotion of S. epidermidis. Red ginseng formulation with selected preservative was loaded into a biocompatible polymer mixture and applied to the faces of 20 female subjects in the clinical trial to observe changes in the skin microbiome. Results: Red ginseng formulation promoted the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to fructooligosaccharide. When 1,2-hexanediol was applied with red ginseng formulation, only S. epidermidis showed selective growth. The analysis of the release rates of ginsenoside-Rg1 and -Re revealed that the exact content of Pluronic F-127 was around 11%. The application of hydrogel resulted in a decrease in C. acnes in all subjects. In subjects with low levels of S. epidermidis, the distribution of S. epidermidis was significantly increased with the application of hydrogel formulation and total microbial species of subjects decreased by 50% during the clinical trial. Conclusion: We confirmed that red ginseng formulation with 1,2-hexanediol can help maintain skin homeostasis through improvement of skin microbiome.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to develop effective oral formulations of rhEGF for gastric ulcer healing using polycarbophil. hydroxypropylcellulose(HPC) and sucralfate as its bioadhesive bases. Cytoprotective effects of rhEGF, cell proliferation and differentiation. on the ulcers induced by ethanol or acetic acid in rats were studied. rhEGF release from HPC formulation was much faster than that from polycarbophil formulation. HPC formulation combined with small amount of sucralfate showed much slower release of rhEGF than only HPC base only. rhEGF preparations with bioadhesive polymers showed better effects on the healing of gastric ulcers than EGF solution when administered orally. When rhEGF preparations were administered at once and the animals were under starvation, polycarbophil formulation showed better effect on gastric ulcers than HPC formulation. Otherwise, when rhEGF preparations were given more than three times and the rats were fed normally, HPC formulation showed good healing efficacy of ulcers compared to polycarbophil formulation. rhEGF showed dose-dependent effect on the healing of both chronic and acute ulcers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.367-371
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• 2009

The estimation of 90% parametric confidence intervals (CIs) of mean AUC and Cmax ratios in bioequivalence (BE) tests are based upon the assumption that formulation effects in log-transformed data are normally distributed. To compare the parametric CIs with those obtained from nonparametric methods we performed repeated estimation of bootstrap-resampled datasets. The AUC and Cmax values from 3 archived datasets were used. BE tests on 1,000 resampled data sets from each archived dataset were performed using SAS (Enterprise Guide Ver.3). Bootstrap nonparametric 90% CIs of formulation effects were then compared with the parametric 90% CIs of the original datasets. The 90% CIs of formulation effects estimated from the 3 archived datasets were slightly different from nonparametric 90% CIs obtained from BE tests on resampled datasets. Histograms and density curves of formulation effects obtained from resampled datasets were similar to those of normal distribution. However, in 2 of 3 resampled log (AUC) datasets, the estimates of formulation effects did not follow the Gaussian distribution. Bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) CIs, one of the nonparametric CIs of formulation effects, shifted outside the parametric 90% CIs of the archived datasets in these 2 non-normally distributed resampled log (AUC) datasets. Currently, the 80~125% rule based upon the parametric 90% CIs is widely accepted under the assumption of normally distributed formulation effects in log-transformed data. However, nonparametric CIs may be a better choice when data do not follow this assumption.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제16권27호
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• pp.83-89
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• 1993

In order to model the Group Technology Problem three formulations are used, that is, generally the following formulations are used: (1) Matrix formulation, (2) Mathematical programming formulation, (3) Graph formulation. In the case of Matrix formulation, it is difficult to discribe the situation using the multi-job machine. But this paper proposed the model of Group Technology using the multi-job machin, taking the method of making practical application of principle of similarity coefficient.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.267-269
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• 2007

콘크리트 중의 철근이 염분에 의해 부식되는 것을 억제 또는 예방하고, 각종 부식 환경으로부터 구조물의 수명을 연장할 목적으로 사용되는 방청혼화제의 최적 formulation과 그에 대한 물성 및 성능 시험을 실시하였다. 철근 부식에 대한 방청 메카니즘의 이해와 방청 혼화제의 formulation에 따른 물성시험과 성능평가를 실시하여 최적 조건을 확립하였다. 성능평가는 콘크리트 공시체의 Slump, 공기량, 압축강도(3일, 7일, 28일) 측정과 함께 염수침지시험 동의 방청성능 평가를 실시하였다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2008

We are concerned with a free boundary problem for the 2D Stokes channel flows, which determines the profile of the wing for the channel, so that the given traction force is to be distributed along the wing of the channel. Using the domain embedding technique, the free boundary problem is transferred into the shape optimization problem through the compliant formulation by releasing the traction condition along the variable boundary. The justification of the formulation will be discussed.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1994

This paper examines the use of fuzzy cognitive maps to help understand manufacturing strategy processes. This technique is illustrated through a case study of a manufacturing strategy formulation. Advantages of fuzzy cognitive maps are highlighted by comparing the level of understanding before and after the technique was used. The merit from the use of fuzzy cognitive maps for manufacturing strategy formulation is also discussed. (Manufacturing Strategy Formulation, Fuzzy Cognitive Map, Strategy Process Model, Feedback)

• 대한수학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.87-118
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• 1997

This paper is concerned with a mixed Lagrangian formulation of the wiscous, stationary, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations $$ (1.1) -\nu\Delta u + (u \cdot \nabla)u + \nabla_p = f in \Omega $$ and $$ (1.2) \nubla \cdot u = 0 in \Omega $$ along with inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on a portion of the boundary $$ (1.3) u = ^{0 on \Gamma_0 _{g on \Gamma_g, $$ where $\Omega$ is a bounded open domain in $R^d, d = 2 or 3$, or with a boundary $\Gamma = \partial\Omega$, which is composed of two disjoint parts $\Gamma_0$ and $\Gamma_g$.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1999

Ivermectin is a widely used broad spectrum antiparasitic agent in veterinary medicine. In this work, we examined the pharmacokinetic parameters and the tissue residue profile of a new injectable formulation of ivermectin developed for pigs. The plasma ivermectin levels reached the peak at about 9 and 2 hours after the administrations in young and adult pigs, respectively. But the elimination half-life (3-3.5 days) and the $C_{max}$ values (24~28 ng/ml) were not significantly different between young and adult pig groups. When compared to the reference formulation, the $C_{max}$ of test formulation was higher and $T_{1/2}$ values were shorter than those of the reference formulation, respectively. The tissue residue levels were dose- and time-dependent and were higher in the liver and fat, than in the other tissues such as the injection sites, the kidney, intestine, muscle, plasma (4~74 ng/g) at the 7th day after the administration of both formulations of ivermectin. Then, the mean tissue ivermectin levels at the 21st day after the administration in all the tissues decreased to 7.4 and 25% of the 7th day levels in the test and reference formulations, respectively. In general, the tissue levels of ivermectin in the animals treated with the test formulation decreased more rapidly than those with the reference formulation. The tissue to plasma distribution ratio (T/P ratio) of ivermectin was higher in the liver and fat than other tissues. The T/P ratio in the liver of animals treated with the test formulation was somewhat higher than that in the animals treated with the reference formulation. Taken together, the results of pharmacokinetic and tissue residue studies indicate that the test formulation of ivermectin for subcutaneous injection is comparable to the reference formulation, but unique in that it has higher peak plasma concentrations, shorter elimination half-life and higher T/P ratio in the liver than the reference formulation.