• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.89-94
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• 2022

Thermoelectric materials can directly convert a temperature gradient to an electrical energy and vice-versa, and their performance is determined by the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity. However, it is difficult to establish an effective strategy for enhancing performance since electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity are strongly dependent on the composition, crystal structure, and electronic structure of the material, and show a correlation with each other. Herein, based on the understanding of the formulas related to the performance of thermoelectric materials, we provide a methodology to establish feasible defect engineering strategies of thermal conductivity reduction for improving the performance of thermoelectric materials in connection with the experimental results.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-39
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• 2023

Recent research in usage-based Second Language Acquisition has provided new insights into second language (L2) learners' development of formulaic language (Wulff, 2019). The current study examines the use of phrase-frames, which are recurring sequences of words including one or more variable slots (e.g., it is * that), in written and oral production data from Asian learners of English across four proficiency levels (beginner, low-intermediate, high-intermediate, advanced) and native English speakers. The variability, predictability, and discourse functions of the most frequent 4-word phrase-frames from the written essay and spoken dialogue sub-corpora of the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE) were analyzed and then compared across groups and modes. The results revealed that while learners' phrase-frames in writing became more variable and unpredictable as proficiency increased, no clear developmental patterns were found in speaking, although all groups used more fixed and predictable phrase-frames than the reference group. Further, no developmental trajectories in the functions of the most frequent phrase-frames were found in both modes. Additionally, lower-level learners and the reference group used more variable phrase-frames in speaking, whereas advanced-level learners showed more variability in writing. This study contributes to a better understanding of the development of L2 phraseological competence.