• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.27-42
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• 2019

This paper tried a detailed approach to identify the correlation among basic elements that influenced the change of forms of the Po. To this end, the subjects were limited to the clothing from the 15th to the 18th century, which was found in the tombs of the period of Pyeonbokpo. The total number of excavated artifacts measured directly is 6 and other correctly described excavated artifacts for a total of 54 items. Per period and element, the types of collars and Seop were presented by classifying collars in 4 types, and Seop in 3 types. On the basis of the classification, the relics selected in this paper were analyzed considering the appearance, period, and rate per type of each element. The type and the change of forms of each element per period, with the focus on the appearance, were identified and the factors influencing the change of forms per element and the correlation between such factors were investigated. The representative type in the first period included dual collars, dual Seop and the representative type in the second period was characterized by a shawl collar and a dual Seop joining the pieces. The representative type in the third period was characterized by round collars and a short Seop. The elements determining the forms of Po, including collars and Seop, had a correlation to the lapse of time and had been systematically influencing each other. Furthermore, the overall change of form was caused due to the social functions as well as the supplementary function of keeping balance among the elements and accordingly, the change of forms was think characterized per period.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.161-172
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• 1994

This is part of a study on the origin of modernist forms and settings. Forms in Modern Architecture are totally new as though they seemed to be originated from some remote culture. Archaeological studies and Laugier's primitivist attitude to the classical architecture provided a way leading, in the end, to pure structures and abstract forms. An application of the classical elements was combined with the ultimate image of nobility, simplicity and rationality. What the seventeenth and eighteenth century theorists realized in the ruines of the classical structures were not the ones with their original organic vitality but the deteriorated, naked and abstracted ones. The essence of the classical structures has been the one of the main references of the modern white architecture. Ration and Nature were the quintessential terms in the design process of the Enlightenment architects of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as they were in the twentieth century architecture. Pure geometric and symbolic forms were new inventions for the new revolutionary age after the development of architectural Styles, successive until Baroque and Roccoco, ceased to go on to the next phase. Many of their buildings appeared so modem in character, for they were omitted all but the essential structure and decoration. Other sides of rationality in the pre-modern age were evolved in terms of the paradigmatic research and the logic in structure. Durand developed a systematic typological approach to the forms. Geometry was the basis of his designs and his illustrations resembled endless simple geometrical problems. One of the other rational approaches was mainly developed by Viollet-le-Duc. To him, Gothic architecture was the model in which each members functioned actively and exerted counterpressure and the Middle Ages invented new fantastic forms. The several ways of rational approaches in architecture were led to the 'tabula rasa' planning in modern architecture. Nature was remained untouched and not deformed as Ledoux's houses in the $H{\hat{o}}tel$ de $Th{\acute{e}}lusson$ were setted on informal gardens. It is part of the modem image that Nature flows or interpenetrates through the white prisms of the strictest classical purity and machines.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.338-343
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between the crown form of the upper central incisor and their labial inclination, overbite, and overjet. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Maxillary and mandibular casts of 169 healthy dentitions were subjected to 3D dental scanning, and analyzed using CAD software. The crown forms were divided into tapered, square, and ovoid based on the mesiodistal dimensions at 20% of the crown height to that at 40%. The degree of labial inclination of the upper central incisor was defined as the angle between the occlusal plane and the line connecting the incisal edge and tooth cervix. The incisal edges of the right upper and lower central incisor that in contact with lines parallel to the occlusal plane were used to determine the overbite and overjet. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the labial inclination, overbite, and overjet among the crown forms. RESULTS. The crown forms were classified into three types; crown forms with a 20%/40% dimension ratio of 1.00±0.01 were defined as square, >1.01 as tapered, and <0.99 as ovoid. The labial inclination degree was the greatest in tapered and the least in square. Both overbite and overjet in tapered and ovoid were higher than those in square. CONCLUSION. Upper central incisor crown forms were related to their labial inclination, overbite, and overjet. It was suggested that the labial inclination, overbite, and overjet should be taken into consideration for the prosthetic treatment or restoring the front teeth crowns.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.247-259
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of age and diet forms on growth-development patterns, serum metabolism indicators, and parameters of body fat deposition in Cherry Valley ducks. Methods: According to the hatching age and initial weight, a total of 150 1-day-old male SM3 Cherry Valley ducks were randomly assigned to two diet forms (pellet vs powder form). Each treatment had with 5 replicates per treatment and 15 meat ducks per replicate. The study lasted 42 d, which was divided into two periods (1 to 21 vs 22 to 42 d). Results: Our results showed that compared with powder group, ducks in pellet group had greater growth performance during different period (p<0.05). The inflection point was 24 d and was not numerically affected by diet forms. Increasing age (42 vs 21 d) significantly increased the weight of body fat and hepatic fat metabolism related enzyme activities in ducks (p<0.05), meanwhile, increasing age (42 vs 21 d) improved serum metabolism indicators and decreased mRNA expression levels of fat metabolism-related genes in liver (p<0.05). Ducks fed different diets (pellet vs powder form) increased growth performance as well as the weight of body fat and improved serum metabolism indicators (p<0.05). In addition, interactions were found between age and diet forms on the levels of serum metabolism indicators in ducks (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, powder feed reduced growth performance of ducks, and the day of inflection point was 24 days old. Ducks with higher age or fed with pellet diet showed higher fat deposition. The effect of age and feed forms on body fat deposition might result from changes in the contents of serum metabolism indicators, key enzyme activity of lipid production, and hepatic gene expressions.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1982

A study on the community and distribution of phytoplankton of the Kum River Estuary has been done in fall, 1980 and spring, 1981. Ond hundred and one taxa representing 22 families, 41 genera, 107 species, 2 varieties, and 2 forms were identified. The community of the study area composed mainly of diatom species icluding the very small fraction of dinoflagellates, blue-greens and greens. The dominant species were Skeletonema costatum, Paralia sulcata, and Asterionella kariana. The total standing crop of phytoplankton of winter samples was 115,000 cells/1 in average and that of spring samples was, 1,320,333 cells/1 in average. Of the representative members, dominant species above appeared moree than 10% of the total standing crop, Skeletonema costatum being maximized up to 46%. In spring Asterionella japonica, Thalassionema nitzschioides, and Chaetoceros curvistetus appeared 3∼8%, and Thalassiosira excentricus 3% in winter. The distribuion of marine forms showed negative correlation with that of fresh water forms, although the brackish-water forms showed no relationship. This change pattern of marine, brackish and fresh-water forms are discussed with the results of time series analysis. A list of phytoplankton species observed in this study is added.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.487-497
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was performed 1) to study the differences in advertisement expression and brand preference according to the lifestyle groups of high school girl students(Sports Uninterest Group, Friend Preference/Fashion Uninterest Group, Sports Preference/Horne Oriented Group. fashion Interest Group, and Confidence Group) and 2) to investigate the effects on the brand preference of adolescents of lifestyle, brand and advertisement image and advertisement expression forms. The subjects selected for the final analysis were high school girl students living in Pusan, Seoul and Taejeon, Korea. The statistics used for data analysis were factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, stepwise multiple regression, frequency distribution and percentage by the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The preferences of advertising expression forms were significantly different among lifestyle groups: the Friend Preference/Fashion Uninterest Group preferred to sex appealing advertising expression form less than other groups. 2. The brand preferences were significantly different among lifestyle groups: the Confidence Group preferred brand less than other groups in general. 3. The brand preferences were affected by life style, brand and advertising image and preferences of advertising expression forms. And brand image influenced most significantly on the brand preferences.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2017

This study analyzes the trends of photo image components and forms of expression in global fashion advertising photos. First, photo image components are classified into seven categories: location (indoor-outdoor), the model's movement, pose, facial expression, gender, race and number of models. The forms of expression are classified into six categories: direct expression, sensual expression, symbolic expression, storytelling expression, dramatic expression, and sexual expression. With the aforementioned classifications, the trends were studied for three years from 2013 to 2015. The analysis result indicates the following: for the details of photo image components, the portion of indoor photos, static poses and conscious facial expressions was over 60% of the total for every season of the 3 years, while there was a slight increase in the number of models and the diversity of races. For the forms of expression, the sensual expression showed the largest portion accounting for over 50% of the total, followed by direct expression and storytelling expression. The findings from this study show that the trends of photo image components and forms of expression in global fashion advertisements are changing. Therefore, domestic companies will need to develop photo image components and forms of expression in line with the changing global fashion advertisement trends.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.1 s.100
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• pp.121-130
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• 2006

Superimposition is a transforming technique that can facilitate the creation. Superimposition in previous studies, however, has only been fragmentary described as an expression technique, so the studies have not been conducted on the basis of its aesthetic value. The purpose of this study is to investigate how superimposition is applied and expressed in terms of forms of modern fashion based on multi-dimensional features of design processing. The codes of togetherness, ambivalence, sense of space and tension in dress were determined by using the expressional Superimposition. The forms of superimposition were limited to superimposition of clothing, superimposition of body and clothing and superimposition of body and Phenomenal body. This study found that superimposition has developed, in fashion forms/types, a new 'form' by overlapping various forms and thus provides a visual shock and a sense of mystery by using mismatched and arbitrary properties among the forms. Such a superimposition influences a methodology of fashion design through a designer's subjective tendencies, as well as influences a change in the view of the world. Also, a superimposition is expected to have a definite influence on new fashion trends.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.132-139
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to search the possibility to utilize materials in creative designs through examining the relationship between design materials and form by analyzing form by materials in the process of designing. In order to achieve this purpose, the objects to analyze designs were limited to chairs and lighting fixtures, and the period of analysis was also limited on 20th century. In this study, it was understood that changes of design materials and forms characterized by years. The period, when materials were used, was similar by design items, but the forms were different though they were same materials, and the same combinations of materials also changed whole forms. Also, it was found that design materials were affecting the change of forms if it is considered that whenever design materials were characteristically changed, forms were also peculiarly changed. Therefore, the result of this study might be utilized more effectively by design items and by structural elements even in each items, are arranged, connecting them with the trend of design.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2005

This research investigated the present state of the dress forms used by clothing manufacturers and proposed procedure to bring out the standardized body type and figure for women in twenties. The result of questionnaire showed chief pattern maker's thoughts that dress form should be differently made for each age group and should be more reflected the standard body than the idea body. The standardized body type was made from the standardized posture and size which were analyzed from the interquartile range(IQR) of 314 subjects. The standardized size could be verified as for the balanced body shape of twenties through making the standard dress form. The standardized form(S form) was compared with three kinds of forms(A, K and P) for investigating the suitability of forms. K form was very similar to S form, Educational P form and manufacturer's A form had quite big differences from S form at the important areas for making clothing. The side shapes of A, K and P forms showed differences at back bending, neck angle and hip shape from S form. A form was comparatively smooth and flat. This results could be used as the practical standard to improve the suitability of size and shape in the dress forms of manufacturers and educators.