• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.173-184
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• 2016

This study was carried out to understand the characteristic distributions of water temperature and salinity in accordance with seasons atound the Tongyeong and Geoje, based on a cluster analysis. Water temperatures in coastal areas were $1-2^{\circ}C$ higher than those in open seas when in the spring, autumn and winter. In particular, a south-northward isothermal line was established at the bottom layer in the winter of 2014, unlikely to the surface layer. In addition, a south-northward isohaline was also established at the bottom layer in the winter of 2013. Therefore, we recognized that a moving pattern of water masses has also a difference since forming directions of those lines were not equivalent with each other between the surface and bottom layers. In contrast, stratification appeared in the summer with a roughly difference of water temperature of $10^{\circ}C$ and a salinity of 2-10 psu between the layers. A cluster analysis indicated that the southeastern coastal waters have three distinct water masses, even though some complicated situations exist due to the seawater inflow from the outside. However, the result of a cluster analysis turned out quite reasonable because the result of a regression analysis proved that it is appropriate, just except for the timing of a south-northward front formation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 1992

To study the seasonal variation of heterotrophic bacteria near the surrounding seawater of Porphyra forming area, samples were collected in the intertidal waters of Mokp'o of the Yellow Sea from February to December, 1990. Annual distribution of heterotrophic bacteria ranged from $7.5\times10^2\;to\;1.1\times10^5\;cfu/ml,$ annual distribution of physiological characteristic bacteria ranged from $5.0\times10\;to\;4.34\times10^4\;cfu/ml$ for proteolytic bacteria, from 0 to $1.35\times10^4\;cfu/ml$ for lipolytic bacteria and from 0 to $1.2\times10^4\;cfu/ml$ for amylolytic bacteria. Sixty-five percent of isolates from seawater were rods, and $76.7\%$ of isolates were Gram-negative. Most isolates were mesophiles and showed utilization of various carbon sources such as glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose and arabinose. Most isolates also showed tolerance to a broad range of salt concentration. Dominant genus in seawater were Flavobacterium spp., in February, Moraxella spp., Acinetobacter spp. in March, Bacillus spp., Chromobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp., Vibrio spp. in July and Chromobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp. in November.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.581-589
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• 2005

Recently, membrane processes have been replacing the conventional processes for waste water treatment to produce better quality of effluent and to meet more stringent regulations because of water shortage. However, using membrane processes for water treatment has confronted with fouling and difficulty in treating dissolved organic pollutants. In this study, membrane process equipped with crossflow microfiltration is combined with coagulation process using alum and PAC to improve permeability and treatment efficiency. The effects of coagulant dosage and optimum membrane operating conditions were investigated from measurement of permeate flow, cumulative volume, total resistance, particle size, dissolved organic pollutant, dissolved aluminium and quality of effluent. Characteristic of PAC coagulation was compared with that of alum coagulation. PAC coagulation reduced membrane fouling because of forming larger particle size and increased permeate velocity and cumulative volume. Less dissolved organic pollutants and dissolved aluminum made decreasing-rate of permeate velocity being lowered. At using $0.2\;{\mu}m$ membrane, cake filtration observed. At using $0.45\;{\mu}m$ membrane, there was floc breakage due to shear stress occurred born circulating operation. It made floc size smaller than membrane pore size, which subsequently to decrease permeate velocity and to increase total resistance. The optimum coagulation dosage was $300{\pm}50\;mg/L$ for both alum and PAC. PAC coagulation was more efficiently used with $0.2\;{\mu}m$ membrane, and the highest permeate flux was in using $0.45\;{\mu}m$membrane. The greatest efficiency of treatment was as follows; turbidity 99.8%, SS 99.9%, $BOD_5$ 94.4%, $COD_{Cr}$ 95.4%, T-N 54.3%, T-P 99.8%.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.48-62
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• 2000

Creativity is the most important characteristic and ability in the 21st century. Recently leading people in Korean society are aware of the significance of the enhancement of the creativity. However, Korean students are less likely to take initiative or depart from standard ways of thinking or doing things, because Korean Confucius culture puts an emphasis on collectivism. An individual has an obligation to conform in order to avoid conflict and maintain social harmony. The rule of respecting parents and teachers leads to a lack of self-expression and entails silence. Brainstorming technique developed by American Osbron, who originated the group brainstorming in 1953, is the most popular creative thinking method for the students. Brainstorming technique has two principles : ideation can be more productive if criticism is concurrently excluded; The more ideas the better. In doing BS, each panel should consist of chairperson, an assistant chairperson, recorder, and 10 others including 2-3 females. However there are several problems in doing group BS, such as production blocking, uniformity thinking, evaluation apprehension, and social loafing. This study was undertaken to investigate the proper way of forming Brainstorming groups with Korean students according to the Sasang Constitutional Medicine originated by Korean Lee Je-ma in 1894. Human beings are classified in four group in Sasang Constitutional Medicine : Taeyang-In, Teaum-In, Soyang-In and Soum-In. Two Yang-Ins are more self-expressive : Taeyang-In has very unique ides and thoughts; Soyang-In is very humorous and like to present his/her ideas. On the other hand, two Um-Ins are passive and are not likely to speak out their ideas in group. Therefore, in this investigation firstly, the brainstorming group was formed with two Yang-Ins (Taeyang-In and Soyang-In) and two Um-Ins(Taeum-In and Soum-In) separately and secondly, Yang-Ins and Um-Ins were mixed. And the first method was compared with the second method in terms of the degree of participation of the group members and finally the better grouping method to produce more and better ideas was discussed and suggested for the educational system.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.95-118
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• 2010

This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of major soil types in Korea, and to assess the ability to predict soil distribution using environmental variables. A classification tree method was used to assess soil predictability. While the great soil groups can give more intuitive understandings on their spatial distributions, its predictability using environmental factors is much lower than that of the great groups. The most important factor to determine the spatial distribution of major soil types is the geomorphological characteristic of Korea that shows distinctive morphological difference between mountains and plains. Spatial distribution of climatic variables and catenary soil sequence along slopes play additional roles in determining the distribution of soil types. The classification tree models resulted in 35-75% of prediction accuracy, depends on the combination of different environmental variables brought in the models. While geomorphological variables are the best predictors for the great groups, climatic variables perform better for the great soil groups.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.111-140
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• 2007

This paper was analyzed to improve internal corporate venture system in public companies. The problems of internal corporate venture systems in a public company were as follows: First, lack of the CEO's willingness in venture business was shown. The culture of venture business also was not mature; Second, the employees were behind the effort to develop their business ability; Third, the objective views are needed to screening venture items and evaluation; Fourth, to measure performance of internal corporate venture, a clear basis and measure system were needed. Fifth, the reward was restricted; Finally, the mother-company did not invest any money for the spin-outed ventures The results of the paper were as follows: First, the CEO's support and effusion of venture culture were needed for successful internal corporate venture system; Second, a public company has to provide education program for venture and information--sharing system; Third, outside consultant may be utilized in finding venture items and feasibility evaluation. Fourth, each venture team may be provided a clear object and specific evaluation system based on characteristic of each team; Fifth, performance-base reward system is needed to enhance motivation; Finally, the public company has to provide find for the spin-off venture by utilizing government system and forming venture capital funds.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.82-95
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• 2020

This study takes the identity and characteristics of public art in historical and cultural regions as the research object. Through the theoretical investigation and research on the public art of historical and cultural regions, six evaluation factors that shape spatial identity and characteristics were drawn: Environmental characteristics, public characteristics; Symbolic characteristics; Artistic characteristics;.Historical characteristics; Interactivity. The identity and characteristics of Taoxichuan public art in Jingdezhen was analyzed and evaluated. The results show that the " public art " of seven large chimneys is consistent with the historical structure of the industry. Among them, environmental, public characteristics, symbolic, artistic and historical characteristics of the Industria park have a high degree of preservation value and can be recognized as the historical landmark of the park. In the new public art, the artistic quality of public art, the environment, and the public characteristic of public art, are also at a moderate level, but it is comparatively weak. Public art recreated as an industrial heritage has formed an identity that can communicate spiritual sympathy to the public by forming a time-space communication between the public with historical relics and ceramic elements, and the new public art for local rehabilitation has given new artistic flavor to the city, but the new identity has not been shown.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.389-398
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• 2017

The most important characteristic of the polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for fuel cells, the proton conducting ability is mainly influenced by the distribution and morphology of the water channels inside the PEMs. Non-perfluorinated hydrocarbon PEMs are known to have weaker water channels than perfluorinated PEM, Nafion, and thus relatively low proton conducting ability. In this study, we used a mesoscale simulation technique to observe the water channel formation and phase separation behavior of hydrocarbon PEM, sulfonated polyimides, under the humidification condition. It was observed that the water molecules were distributed evenly through the entire hydrophilic region, and clear water clusters were formed only in the sulfonated polyimide having high sulfonation degree. In addition, it was observed that sulfonated polyimides have a difficulty in forming water channel under the low hydrated condition. These results clearly support the theories of the formation of water channels in non-perfluorinated hydrocarbon PEMs, and also well explain the tendency of proton conducting abilities of sulfonated polyimides. Thus, it is confirmed that mesoscale simulation techniques can be very effective in analyzing phase separation behavior and water channel formation in PEMs for fuel cells and elucidating the ion conducting abilities.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2004

A zeolitic bentonite, which exhibits whitish appearance and contains considerable amounts (nearly 〉 5%) of zeolites, frequently occurs as thin beds less than 1 m in Yeongil area. The bentonites are mostly found in closely association with zeolite beds in the Nuldaeri Tuff and Coal-bearing formations of the Janggi Croup. A discordant occurrence of the bentonite against the bedding plane is also locally found. Montmorillonite, the major mineral constituent of the bentonite, is mostly associated with clinoptilolite as a zeolite. However, instead of clinoptilolite, mordenite is sometimes included in the case of more silicic bentonite, and heulandite in the less silicic one. It is characteristic that the mordenite is accompanied by lots of opal-CT in the silicic bentonite. SEM observations characteristically indicate that these authigenic phases, especially the montmorillonite and zeolite, nearly coexist as mixtures not forming a fine-scale zoning. The zeolitic bentonite seems to be formed in the comparatively silicic pore fluid at the alkaline condition accompanying pH fluctuation Compared to the zeolite-free normal bentonite, the zeolitic types exhibit somewhat higher REE abundance. These chemical characteristics, together with modes of occurrences and authigenic mineral associations, may suggest that the zeolitic bentonite is not merely diagenetic products and a possible hydrothermal alteration could not be excluded in the bentonite genesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.271-272
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• 2012

Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs or amorphous alloy) exhibit high strength and good corrosion resistance. Applications of thin films and micro parts of BMGs have been used a lot since its inception in the research of BMGs. However, Application and fabrication of BMGs are limited to make structural materials. Thin films of BMGs which is sputtered on the surface of structural materials by sputtering process is used to improve limits about application of BMGs. In order to investigate the difference of properties between designed alloys and thin films, we identified that thin films deposited on the surface that have the characteristic of the amorphous films and the composition of designed alloys. Zr-Cu (Cu=30, 35, 38, 40, 50 at.%) and Zr-Cu-Al (Al=10 at.% fixed, Cu=26, 30, 34, 38 at.%) alloys were fabricated with Zr (99.7% purity), Cu (99.997% purity), and Al (99.99% purity) as melting 5 times by arc melting method before rods 2mm in diameter was manufactured. In order to analyze GFA (Glass Forming Ability), rods were observed by Optical Microscopy and SEM and $T_g$, $T_x$, ($T_x$ is crystallization temperature and $T_g$ is the glass transition temperature) and Tm were measured by DTA and DSC. Powder was manufactured by Gas Atomizer and target was sintered using powder in large supercooled liquid region ($=T_x-T_g$) by SPS(Spark Plasma Sintering). Amorphous foil was prepared by RSP process with 5 gram alloy button. The composition of the foil and sputtered thin film was analyzed by EDS and EPMA. In the result of DSC curve, binary alloys ($Zr_{62}Cu_{38}$, $Zr_{60}Cu_{40}$, $Zr_{50}Cu_{50}$) and ternary alloys ($Zr_{64}Al_{10}Cu_{26}$, $Zr_{56}Al_{10}Cu_{34}$, $Zr_{52}Al_{10}Cu_{38}$) have $T_g$ except for $Zr_{70}Cu_{30}$ and $Zr_{60}Al_{10}Cu_{30}$. The compositions with $T_g$ made into powders. Figure shows XRD data of thin film showed similar hollow peak.