• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.149-152
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• 1997

This test was performed to evaluate the ocular and skin irritation of EPO (Erythropoietin). The results as follows: 1. Ocular irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes by EPO during experimental period. The acute ocular irritation index(A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index(M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation index(I.O.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively. Therefore we evaluated that EPO was non-toxic to eyes. 2. Skin irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes and gross pathologic findings by EPO during experimental period. There were no observed erythema, eschar formation and edema formation on intact and abraded skin treated by EPO. The primary irritation index(P.I.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively and were evaluated none irritating product about skin irritation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.435-450
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• 2018

Phenological events of four Rhododendron tree species (viz. R. arboreum, R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi, R. barbatum and R. kesangiae) was monitored in temperate mixed broad-leaved forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phenological events like flower bud formation, flowering, fruit setting, fruit maturing, seed dispersal, leaf bud formation, leaf flushing, and leaf shedding were recorded. Indices i.e., phenophase sequence index (PSI), active phenophasic period of the species (APS) and index of reproductive/vegetative activity (RVA) were also calculated. Present study revealed that bark consistency, growth form and leaf pattern of the studied species have showed variations among the species. Rhododendron species exhibited the phenological events overlapping with other phenophases. The peak flower bud formation was observed during the winter; R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi start flowering from December, while the flowering in rest three species exhibited during February to April. Fruit setting occurred during summer to autumn while fruit maturation revealed peak during November. Leaf bud formation illustrated two peaks in April and May, leaf flushing exhibited peak in June, while leaf shedding peaked during October to November. Active phenophasic period of the species were found 12 months, which revealed that species engage in various phenophase activities throughout the year. Phenophase sequence index ranged between 0.8 to 0.9 (PSI ${\geq}0.6$), signifies that species have a sequential arrangement of phenophases. Index of reproductive/vegetative activity of the species exemplified >1, indicate that the reproductive phenophases were dominance over vegetative phenophases. The study have provided substantial insight on the life cycle events of Rhododendron species and ecological approaches for further scientific study with recent climate change and effective management and conservation.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.38 no.4 s.117
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• pp.24-30
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• 2006

Formation which is an indicator of nonuniformity in fiber distribution is concerned with small scale variation in roughness, optical properties, print density, and so on. This study evaluated the formation of sheets which were made usning handsheet former and paper-machine with hydraulic headbox. Optical method and ${\beta}-ray$ method were used for formation test. The fiber type, freeness and basis weight of sheet were considered as variables. The formation of handsheet was affected by fiber type and freeness, and floe size distribution was influenced by basis weight. For machine made sheet, its formation seemed to be dependent on the hydraulic forces in headbox and former. When two formation test methods were compared, there was the highest relationship between optical formation index and normalized standard deviation from ${\beta}-ray$ method.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.559-567
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• 1995

The combustion process within a porous inert medium (PIM) burner is numerical studied. A detailed chemical reaction scheme including thermal and prompt NO$_{x}$ reactions is used to predict the formation and destruction of pollutants such as NO$_{x}$ and CO. The reaction paths for NO$_{x}$ formation are divided to quantify the amount of NO$_{x}$ formed through thermal NO$_{x}$ reaction or through prompt NO$_{x}$ reaction. Emission index is calculated to compare the actual mass of NO$_{x}$ or CO produced through the combustion of unit mass of fuel. It is found NO formation in PIM burner is confined in flame zone and formation is suppressed due to heat loss at down-stream of the flame. Higher production of NO through prompt NO reaction path is observed due to the higher concentration of fuel derivative species and its higher diffusion at flame front. For all equivalence ratios, CO emission within PIM burner is lower than that from the one-dimensional freely-propagating flame. PIM burner flame has better NO$_{x}$ emission index from .psi. = 0.75 to .psi. = 1.1. to .psi. = 1.1.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.511-512
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• 2015

Star formation activities dominate the evolution of galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are believed to be old galaxies in the Hubble sequence, and elliptical galaxies at different evolution epochs might have different star formation activities and/or morphologies. We investigate the connection between star formation rates and the morphology of elliptical galaxies. With the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Galaxy Zoo, we select a sample of elliptical galaxies by morphology and consider their infrared emission as an index of star formation rate to study the relation between the star formation rates and their morphological properties, such as ellipticities. In addition, we select some nearby spiral galaxies with very low MIR emission to probe the mechanisms of these red spiral galaxies. We display our preliminary results and discuss their implication on the evolution of galaxies in this poster.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2010

The present study purposed to prevent oral diseases and to improve oral health in children. For this purpose, we selected 70 cases who are 5~7 years old preschoolers at the kindergarten affiliated to G College in Gyeongsangbukdo, and analyzed the general patterns of oral care and the relation of the patterns with dental plaque and deciduous dental caries in the children. Specifically, we conducted oral examination and applied pit and fissure sealant according to the eruption of deciduous molar and first molar. In addition, we executed the 1st and 2nd tooth brushing instruction (TBI), and surveyed S-OHI and PHP twice. Excluding 14 preschoolers who did not appear in the 2nd survey, we performed the study with 56 preschoolers and drew conclusions as follows. 1. The number of decayed or missed or filled teeth among deciduous teeth was 3 or more in 42.9% of female children, and 46.4% of male children, so male children showed a slightly higher rate. 2. The degree of dental plaque formation was $1.64{\pm}1.22$ among the surveyed children. 3. The oral health index was lower after TBI than before in all the children (P<.001). 4. Change in the oral health index was particularly larger in 7 year old female children (p<.005). 5. The patient hygiene performance index was lower after TBI than before in both the buccal surface and lingual surface of the children (p<.005). 6. The patient hygiene performance index was lower after TBI than before in all of male children's teeth except the right maxillary first deciduous molar (p<.001).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2011

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to perform a retrospective evaluation of the radiological and pathological features influencing the formation of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) in meningiomas. Methods: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathology data for 86 patients with meningiomas, who underwent surgery at our institution between September 2003 and March 2009, were examined. We evaluated predictive factors related to peritumoral edema including gender, tumor volume, shape of tumor margin, presence of arachnoid plane, the signal intensity (SI) of the tumor in T2-weighted image (T2WI), the WHO histological classification (GI, GII/GIII) and the Ki-67 antigen labeling index (LI). The edema-tumor volume ratio was calculated as the edema index (EI) and was used to evaluate peritumoral edema. Results: Gender (p=0.809) and pathological finding (p=0.084) were not statistically significantly associated with peritumoral edema by univariate analysis. Tumor volume was not correlated with the volume of peritumoral edema. By univariate analysis, three radiological features, and one pathological finding, were associated with PTBE of statistical significance: shape of tumor margin (p=0.001), presence of arachnoid plane (p=0.001), high SI of tumor in T2WI (p=0.001), and Ki-67 antigen LI (p=0.049). These results suggest that irregular tumor margins, hyperintensity in T2WI, absence of arachnoid plane on the MRI, and high Ki-67 LI can be important predictive factors that influence the formation of peritumoral edema in meningiomas. By multivariate analysis, only SI of the tumor in T2WI was statistically significantly associated with peritumoral edema. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that irregular tumor margin, hyperintensity in T2WI, absence of arachnoid plane on the MRI, and high Ki-67 LI may be important predictive factors influencing the formation of peritumoral edema in meningiomas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2013

It has been known that edges of forest fire areas play significant roles in post-fire change of forest ecosystem and recovery process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between edge formation of burned forests and landscape characteristics with consideration on spatial autocorrelation. Samcheok fire site burned in 2000 was selected as the study area. Seven hundred fifty three of 500 $m^2$ grid cells were generated for measuring landscape characteristics. This study used the topographic variables including slop, elevation, topographic wetness index, solar radiation index and proportions of fuel and land use types. In delineating landscape characteristics correlation analysis with modified t-test were performed for exploring the relationships between edge formation and landscape characteristics. The results indicated that edge formation of burned forests was positively correlated with most variables including TWI, SRI, water, paddy, developed, farm, grass, bare soil, and negatively related with elevation, slope and all fuel types. Especially TWI (r=0.437) showed a strong positive correlation with edge formation. According to the results, edge of burned forests were likely formed when proportions of heterogeneous land use types were high with mild slope and low elevation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.29-43
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• 2020

Thermal environment of city is getting worse due to severe urban heat island caused by climate change and urbanization. The cooling effect of street tree is regarded as a effective way to ameliorate the urban heat environment. The effect is largely made up of shadow formation and transpiration. This study aims to identify how the transpiration affects the discomfort index by analyzing comprehensive impact of the transpiration on the air temperature and relative humidity. The changes in the amount of transpiration, air temperature, and relative humidity were estimated for Seogyo-dong area which has a lot of floating population in Seoul, at 2 p.m. in dry day in July and August. On average, the transpiration of the street tree decreased the temperature 0.3℃ and increased the relative humidity 2.6% in an hour. As a result of these changes in temperature and humidity, the discomfort index rose mostly(0.036 on average). It was always get rise especially on the day when the discomfort index was above 80(0.05 on average). However, compared with the significant change in temperature and humidity, the variation of the discomfort index itself was very slight(up to 0.107). Therefore, the effect of transpiration by the street trees might not be effective in the planning to improve the thermal environment(especially on the day when the discomfort index is high). It is necessary to select the species of trees and planting location considering the cooling effect of shade formation synthetically.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.646-659
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• 2009

The early Ordovician graptolites from the upper part (Tumok Member) of the Mungok Formation of the Namaeri and Baeiljae sections at Yeongwol consist of five species belonging to five genera. They are Adelograptus cf. tenellus, Callograptus sp., Dendrograptus suni, Dictyonema sp., and Psigraptus jacksoni. Of these 5 species, Psigraptus is the most excellent index fossil for international correlation with the early Ordovician strata. Adelograptus cf. tenellus from the Mungok Formation of the Namaeri and Baeiljae sections is also recognized with especially short stipe relative to Adelograptus tenellus. Three graptolite zones (such as Adelograptus, Psigraptus, and Dendroid type zones) are correlated with those of Canada, Australia, and China, respectively. The upper part of the Mungok Formation is assigned to the late Tremadocian.