• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

Compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen was used at golf course management because of promoting turfgrass growth and decreasing fertilizing labor. But, it was hardly published about turf grass growth by its effect and form like isobutylidene diurea(IBDU) and methylene urea(MU) in golf course management of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen such as IBDU and MU on creeping bentgrasss and the change in nitrogen in the root zone after application of fertilizers at AM turfgrass research institute with soil analysis, chlorophyll content index, leaf area index and dry weight during 5 months from July to december in 2007 year. Fertilizer treatments were designed as following; non-fertilizer(NF), straight fertilizer(CF), treatment 1(MU), treatment 2(IBDU 1), and treatment 3(IBDU 2). The every treatments were arranged a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results obtained were summarized as follows: As relative to time after N fertilizers application, ammonium and nitrate in soil were increased, but T-N was decrease. $NO_3$-N and T-N content of slow release fertilizer(SRF), the treatment MU, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2, in soil was higher than that of CF, and the change of ratio of available N and T-N by elapsed time after fertilizing SRFs and CF was higher about 5% in root zone of SF to l5days, but in root zone of SRF from 30days about $5{\sim}10%$. Compared with NF, the turf color index was increased 6.5%, 6.7%, 5.9% and 5.5%, respectively, the chlorophyll content 33.2%, 38.4%, 35.1% and 37.1%, the dry weight 76.2%, 77.7%, 69.5 and 72.3% and shoot number 28%, 52%, 56% and 51%. The chlorophyll content index of MD, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2 was increased $2.6{\sim}5.2%$ than that of CF, shoot number $18{\sim}22%$ but turf color index and dry weight was analogous to that of CF. These results showed that the SRF application was supplied nitrogen for a long time in root zone by increasing an available nitrogen, and so bring turf growth such as chlorophyll content and shoot number in creeping bentgrass.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 1997

The Kyemyeongsan area of Chungju in the NE part of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone, Koera, consists mainly of the Ogcheon Supergroup(Taehyangsan Quartzite, Hyangsanri Dolomite and Kyemyeogsan Formation) and the MeSozoic Chungju granite. The Kyemyeongsan Formation is composed mainly of metamorphic rocks of various grades derived from conglomeratic, basic, acidic, pelitic and psammitic rocks. The basic and acidic rocks show alternated or interfingered appearence, indicating that they were derived form bimodal type of magmatism in rift environment. Conglomeratic rocks overlie acidic volcanic rocks in geneal, but are underlain by both acidic plutonic and volcanic rocks. This indicaties that the acidic magmatism before the formation of conglomeratic rocks was different from that during or after the formation of conglomeratic rocks in its occurrence mode. The geological structure of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone in the Kyemyeongsan area, Chungju was formed at least by three phases of deormation. The first phase deformation(D1) formed a regional-scale sheath-type fold(F1) closed into the east. Its axial phane(S1) strikes NNW to NW and dips WSW to SW. The stetching lineation(L1), related to the sheath-type fold, plunges westward. The second phase deformation (D2) formed asymmetric fold(F2) of ESE-to SE-vergence with NNE to NE striking axial plane(S2) and $20~45^{\circ}/210~230^{\circ}$ plunging axis(L2). The F2 fold reoriented the original westward plunging L1 into northwestward plunging L1 in its lower limb(overturned limb). The third phase of deformation(D3) was recognized as chevron-type fold(F3) with $45^{\circ}/265$^{\circ}$ plunging axis. The F3 fold was formed by the compression of N-S direction, resulting in the reorientation of the original $20-45^{\circ}/210~230^{\circ}$ plunging L2 into mainly $35~45^{\circ}/260~280^{\circ}$ and subsidiarily $30~45^{\circ}/135~165^{\circ}$ plunging L2. After this deformation, open fold with NS striking and steeply E or W dipping axial plane is formed by the compression of E-W direction.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

In Korea, modern art therapy was developed in the 1960s and 1970s in the form of supplementary activities for patients in psychiatry. Along with the foundation of the Korean Association for Clinical Art in 1982 by psychiatric doctors, the therapy involved more various arts forms such as music, art, dance, poetry therapy, and psychodrama. More organizations with specific expertise opened such as the Korean Art Therapy Association, Korean Art Therapy Association, etc. in the 1990s and the Korea Arts Therapy Institute in 2001. As of April 2015, the members of the Korean Art Therapy Association total 15,000, including 6,200 regular members. The arts in integrative arts therapy (IAT) is an individual's creative activity which is related to his inner world, and the forms of IAT include music, drawing, dance and poetry therapy. From the aspect of phenomenology, IAT is psychophysical therapy involving the arts that helps patients recognize and perceive their experiences with an aim of at a recovery of the body and creativity from the phenomenological aspect. It is also a therapeutic activity that targets growth and development of the body and mind. Meta-analysis of the effects of art therapy with a focus on that involving music, drawing, dance movement and IAT in recent years in Korea, significant effects were observed in all factors but physical function. The biggest effect was mentality adaptation followed by activity adaptation and physiology. In the run up to the implementation of the daily flat-rate system for the health insurance reimbursement for palliative care in July 2015, the Ministry of Health and Welfare is reviewing the coverage of music therapy, drawing therapy and flower therapy, which are currently practiced by 56 hospice institutes in Korea. This is a meaningful step because the coverage of hospice and palliative care came after that of art therapy for psychiatric patients was approved in 1977. Still, there is a need clarify the therapeutic mechanism by exploring causality among the treatment media, mediation type and treatment effects. To address the issue of indiscriminately issued licenses, more efforts are needed to ensure expertise and identity of the licensed therapists through education, training and supervision.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.217-227
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial growth, burrowing depth, and relative growth of mud shrimps (Upogebia major and Austinogebia wuhsienweni), living in damaged high density tidal flat shellfish farms form 2008 in the Western coast of Korea. By August, young mud shrimps (Upogebia major), which had settled down on the tidal flats in early May, grew to more than 10 mm in carapace length (CL). At the end of the first year, their CL and total length (TL) increased to 14.21 mm and 42.28 mm, respectively. The inhabiting depth of the young mud shrimps (Upogebia major) increased rapidly up to about 6 months after stocking (5 cm in July, 12.5 cm in September, and 28 cm in November, respectively). The inhabiting depth of adult mud shrimps in their burrows was about 10-93 cm during the year. As results, the analysis of the relative growth between the carapace length (CL) - the total length (TL) and the CL - total wet weight (TWW), the total wet weight of mud shrimps at Boryeong Saho (inner part of the Cheonsu-bay) was estimated to be 1.2-4 g heavier than those of Boryeong Jugyo (Outer part of the Cheonsu-bay) tidal flat. The young mud shrimps primarily grew from April to October. It is therefore crucial to observe whether the settlement of young mud shrimps on tidal shellfish farms from May to June to minimize the damage of shellfish farms by newly stocked young mud shrimps. In addition, it is recommended that young mud shrimps grown in fisheries be harvested before they dig deep into the sediment until early December.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.246-246
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• 1996

Purpose: Some of the properties of the prosodic phrasing and some acoustic and phonological effects of contrastive focus on the tonal pattern of Seoul Korean is explored based on a brief experiment of analyzing the fundamental frequency(=FO) contour of the speech of the author. Data Base and Analysis Procedures: The examples were chosen to contain mostly nasal and liquid consonants, since it is difficult to track down the formants in stops and fricatives during their corresponding consonantal intervals and stops may yield an effect of unwanted increase in the FO value due to their burst into the following vowel. All examples were recorded three times and the spectrum of the most stable repetition was generated, from which the FO contour of each sentence was obtained, the peaks with a value higher than 250Hz being interpreted as a high tone (=H). The result is then discussed within the prosodic hierarchy framework of Selkirk (1986) and compared with the tonal pattern of the Northern Kyungsang dialect of Korean reported in Kenstowicz & Sohn (1996). Prosodic Phrasing: In N.K. Korean, H never appears both on the object and on the verb in a neutral sentence, which indicates the object and the verb form a single Phonological Phrase ($={\phi}$), given that there is only one pitch peak for each $={\phi}$. However, Seoul Korean shows that both the object and the verb have H of their own, indicating that they are not contained in one $={\phi}$. This violates the Optimality constraint of Wrap-XP (=Enclose a lexical head and its arguments in one $={\phi}$), while N.K. Korean obeys the constraint by grouping a VP in a single $={\phi}$. This asymmetry can be resolved through a constraint that favors the separate grouping of each lexical category and is ranked higher than Wrap-XP in Seoul Korean but vice versa in N.K. Korean; $Align-x^{lex}$ (=Align the left edge of a lexical category with that of a $={\phi}$). (1) nuna-ka manll-ll mEk-nIn-ta ('sister-NOM garlic-ACC eat-PRES-DECL') a. (LLH) (LLH) (HLL) ----Seoul Korean b. (LLH) (LLL LHL) ----N.K. Korean Focus and Phrasing: Two major effects of contrastive focus on phonological phrasing are found in Seoul Korean: (a) the peak of an Intonatioanl Phrase (=IP) falls on the focused element; and (b) focus has the effect of deleting all the following prosodic structures. A focused element always attracts the peak of IP, showing an increase of approximately 30Hz compared with the peak of a non-focused IP. When a subject is focused, no H appears either on the object or on the verb and a focused object is never followed by a verb with H. The post-focus deletion of prosodic boundaries is forced through the interaction of StressFocus (=If F is a focus and DF is its semantic domain, the highest prominence in DF will be within F) and Rightmost-IP (=The peak of an IP projects from the rightmost $={\phi}$). First Stress-F requires the peak of IP to fall on the focused element. Then to avoid violating Rightmost-IP, all the boundaries after the focused element should delete, minimizing the number of $={\phi}$'s intervening from the right edge of IP. (2) (omitted) Conclusion: In general, there seems to be no direct alignment constraints between the syntactically focused element and the edge of $={\phi}$ determined in phonology; all the alignment effects come from a single requirement that the peak of IP projects from the rightmost $={\phi}$ as proposed in Truckenbrodt (1995).

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.2 s.61
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• pp.109-134
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• 2006

Rocks undergo weathering processes influenced by changing in pressure-temperature condition, atmosphere, underground water, and rainfall. The weathering processes change physical and chemical characteristics of the rocks. Once the rocks are weathered, the characteristics of them are changed and, because of the changing, several disadvantages such as rock slope failures and underground water spouts are can occur. Before we cut a large rock slope, therefore, we must analyze current weathering conditions of rocks and predict weathering processes in the future. Through the results of such analyses, we can judge reinforcement works. In order to comply with such requests, chemical weathering sensitivity analysis which was analyzed from chemical weathering velocities and other characteristics of rocks has been applied in several prior construction works in Korea. But, It is defective to use directly in engineering fields because it was developed for soils(not rocks), it has too mny factors must be considered and the relationships between the factors are not clear, and it is hard to explain the weathering processes in engineering time range. Besides above, because it has been used for isotropic rocks, this method is hard to apply to anisotropic rocks such as sedimentary rocks. Acceding to studies from morphologists (e.g. Oguchi et al., 1994; Sunamura, 1996; Norwick and Dexter, 2002), time dependent strength reduction influenced by weathering shows a negative exponential function form. Appling this relation, one can synthesize the factors which influence the weathering processes to the strength reduction, and get meaningful estimates in engineering viewpoint. We suggest this weathering sensitivity characterization method as a technique that can explain time dependent weathering sensitivity characteristics through strength changes and can directly applied the rock slope design.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.239-255
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• 1997

Expression of the cDNA of the VP1 gene on the genome RNA B segment of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) DRT strain in E. coli and a recombinant baculovirus were carried out. The VP1 gene in the pMal-pol clone (Lee et al. 1995) was cleaved with XbaI and transferred into baculovirus transfer vector, pBacPAK9 and it was named pBacVP1 clone. The VP1 gene in the pBacVP1 clone was double-digested with SacI and PstI and then inserted just behind T5 phage promoter and the $6{\times}His$ region of the pQE-3D expression vector, and it was called pQEVPl. Again, the $6{\times}$His-tagged VP1 DNA fragment in the pQEVP1 was cleaved with EcoRI and transferred into the VP1 site of the pBacVP1, resulting pBacHis-VP1 recombinant. The pBacHis-VP1 DNA was cotransfected with LacZ-Hyphantria cunea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LacZ-HcNPV) DNA digested with Bsu361 onto S. frugiperda cells to make a recombinant virus. One VP1-gene inserted recombinant virus was selected by plaque assay. The recombinant virus was named VP1-HcNPV-1. The $6{\times}$His-tagged VP1 protein produced by the pQEVP1 was purified with Ni-NTA resin chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The molecular weight of the VP1 protein was 94 kDa. The recombinant virus, VP1-HcNPV-1 did not form polyhedral inclusion bodies and expressed VP1 protein with 95 kDa in the infected S. frugiperda cells, which was detected by Western blot. The titer of the VP1-HcNPV-1 in the first infected cells was $2.0{\times}10^5\;pfu/ml$ at 7 days postinfection.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2010

In this study diverse dehydrogenative polymers (DHPs) were synthesized with three precursors of native lignin [p-coumaryl alcohol (PCA), coniferyl alcohol (CA), sinapyl alcohol (SA)] in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, EC. 1.11.1.7)/$H_2O_2$. To compare the structural features between DHPs and native lignin, the DHPs as well as pine/poplar milled wood lignins were simultaneously subjected to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to determine average molecular weights and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) to investigate the frequency of ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage. The highest yield of DHP was measured to 71% when CA was solely injected (G-DHP) and the yield of H-DHP was 42%. However, single injection of SA could not form any polymer in this system. The average molecular weights of DHPs were ranged between 3,000~4,700, which were only 1/2 fold compared with that of pine MWL (G-type lignin: Mw 7,340) and 1/3 scale compared with that of poplar MWL (GS-type lignin: Mw 13,250). DFRC analysis revealed that the formation of ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage during dehydrogenative polymerization was the highest in the GS-DHP with ca. 502 ${\mu}mol$/g, which was, however, remained to only 50% compared to that in poplar MWL (1107 ${\mu}mol$/g). The ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage was estimated to ca. 286 ${\mu}mol$/g In the G-DHP, which was twice as much as that of H-DHP(127 ${\mu}mol$/g). Similar to GS-DHP, only half amount of ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage, compared to pine MWL, was formed during in vitro polymerization of CA by horseradish peroxidase/$H_2O_2$.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.73-103
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• 2005

This study takes of youth panel data(2002-2003), there is the purpose to know to youth employed's labor mobility conditions of employment status conversion and examine on factors affecting conversion of employment status. Main analysis result and policy imply, is as following. First, although youth employed's non-standard employment shows some decrease, employment youth hierarchy was construed that youth of our country is consisting very changefully because appear great turnover that is converted by unemployment or Not economically activity population same period. Specially, non-standard employment phenomenon of woman or low in scholarship person appeared notedly, and because phenomenon that is converted by unemployment or Not economically activity population is expose that is deepened, discriminating policy of government dimension is required for employment stabilization of these class. Second, show result that danger to escape to non-standard job risk trap which seeking employment activity of youth class is arranged case or company which is formed by official path is suitable becomes low, must formulate path of employment about youth class and improve qualitative level of employment through suitable job placement education of youth class or function (technology) level. Third, when was construed, but take into account that the although large enterprise have low risk in non-standard job, recently employment of youth class consists very limited, rather small scale business or smaller enterprise's competitive power preferably need to be plan. Finally, danger to non-standard job youth employed's company form is government connection wonder was expose that high, Such result can do that it is difficult by limited research period, but reflect actuality that youth unemployment policy of our country is enforced laying stress on public labor or unregular job employment such as internship system. Therefore, current youth unemployment policy may have to change by employment policy that can secure stable work record by youth class or act as bridge-building that promote conversion by full-time job.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 1994

Background: Pressure support ventilation(PSV) is a new form of mechanical ventilatory support that assists spontaneous inspiraory effort of an intubated patient with a clinician-selected amount of positive airway pressure. Low level pressure support during inspiration can overcome the resistive component of inspiratory work imposed by an endotracheal tube. However the clinical efficacy of PSV as a weaning method has not been established yet. Object: The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of PSV when it is added to intermittent mandatory ventilation(IMV) in facilitating weaning precess compaired to IMV mode alone. Method: When the subject patients became clinically stable with their arterial blood gas analysis in acceptable range, they underwent weaning process either by IMV alone or by IMV plus PSV. The level of pressure support was held constant throught the weaning period. For the patients who required mechanical ventilation for less than 72 hr, 2h weaning trial was performed with IMV rate starting from 6/min. For the patients who required mechanical ventilation more than 72 hr, 7 hr weaning trial was performed with IMV rate starting from 8/min. For the patients who failed three consecutive trials of weaning, retrial of weaning was attempted over 3 days with IMV rate starting from 8/min. Clinical characteristics, APACHE II score and nutritional status were compared. For all patients, heart rate, mean blood pressure and respiratory rate were mornitored for 48 hrs after weaning trial started. Results: The total number of weaning trial was 37 in 23 patients(18 by IMV, 19 by IMV+PSV). Total ventilation time, APACHE II score and nutritional status were not statistically different between the two groups. The weaning success rate were not statistically different(38.3% by IMV, 42.1% by IMV+PSV) and the changes of mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate during first 48 hours were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: Low level PSV when added to IMV for weaning trial does not seem to improve the success rate of weaning from mechanical ventilation. PSV at 10cm $H_2O$ did not induce significant physiologic changes during weaning process.