• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.15-21
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• 2021

This study aims to derive the problems of firefighting and safety measures for architectural heritage with a wooden structure in rural areas and present their improvement measures. To identify those problems, this study grasped the features of the cultural heritage through the building structure and environment of a wooden Catholic secondary station in Dangjin, and analyzed fires that may occur and safety factors. As a result, although the mission station is an important cultural property in terms of its history, place and local identity, it had problems with disaster prevention systems such as vulnerable safety including fire and difficulties in fire recognition and initial firefighting. Therefore, this study concluded through its review and analysis that a disaster prevention system such as stronger firefighting is needed; that fire fighting facilities suitable for the characteristics of the secondary station with a wooden structure should be installed and a main player should be arranged in fire prevention activities to improve the fire prevention system of the cultural property; and that as most mission stations are located in rural areas, it is necessary to more thoroughly protect wooden-structure secondary stations from natural disasters such as forest fire and to improve fire response measures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.515-519
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• 2007

An imperfect fungus Fusiococcum species was isolated from Quercus dentata. A naturally infected Daimyo oak tree was collected and showed elongate wounds on the stem. The fungal cultures were initially white and cottony, and later turned dark gray. Numerous solitary pycnidia were developed on the medium surface, and typically spherical. Yellowish conidial masses were exuded from pycnidia on the culture plates. Conidial masses were swollen and measured as approximately 100 to $300{\mu}m$ in length. It appeared that conidia were usually held together in globose to oval drops. Conidia were hyaline, single-celled (nonseptate), ellipsoid to fusoid, and measured as approximately $8.0{\times}2.7{\mu}m$. Based on these cultural and morphological characteristics, the fungal isolate was identified as a species of Fusicoccum Corda. To preserve and examine fungal spores exuded from pycnidia on the medium surface, a vapor fixation procedure for scanning electron microscopy was employed in this study. The specimens were exposed to the vapor of 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and 2% (w/v) osmium tetroxide each for 2 h. With the vapor fixation we obtained excellent retention of conidial masses in this study. The simple and versatile procedure for demonstrating fungal spores and their exudation from fruiting bodies would facilitate characterization of diverse pathological and environmental isolates as they are in native environments.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.7-10
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• 2005

Plant water deficiency during drought season causes physiological stress and can be a critical indicator of forest fire vulnerability. In this study, we attempt to analyze the spectral characteristics of water stressed vegetation by using the laboratory measurement on leaf samples and the canopy reflectance spectra extracted from satellite hyperspectral image data. Leaf-level reflectance spectra were measured by varying moisture content using a portable spectro-radiometer. Canopy reflectance spectra of sample forest stands of two primary species (pine and oak) located in central part of the Korean peninsula were extracted from EO-l Hyperion imaging spectrometer data obtained during the drought season in 2001 and the normal precipitation year in 2002. The preliminary analysis on the reflectance spectra shows that the spectral characteristics of leaf samples are not compatible with the ones obtained from canopy level. Although moisture content of vegetation can be influential to the radiant flux reflected from leaf-level, it may not be very straightforward to obtain the spectral characteristics that are directly related to the level of canopy moisture content. Canopy spectra form forest stands can be varied by structural variables (such as LAt, percent coverage, and biomass) other than canopy moisture content.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.392-398
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• 2016

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) composed of mainly wood flour and thermoplastics have attracted considerable attentions due to advantages of cost effectiveness, high durability, and microbial resistance. However, relatively poor fire resistance of WPCs from low thermal stability of wood and plastics prevents further uses. This study investigated the effect of expandable graphite (EG) and aluminium hydroxide (AH)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) on the properties of WPCs. The combined incorporation of both EG and metal hydroxide (i.e., AH or MH) into formulations leads to higher flexural modulus of filled composites compared to neat PP and WPC. In thermal properties, EG played an important role in improving thermal stability of filled composites by suppressing thermal decompositions of wood and PP. Moreover, EG showed better water absorption features. From this research, it can be said that EG and metal hydroxides have potentials as effective reinforcement, flame retardant, and moisture barrier.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.464-467
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

Not only in Korea, but also in other countries, most helicopter accidents occur at low altitude. Analysis on accidents data collected both in Korea and other countries has brought two conclusions. Firstly, helicopter operations during the night hours carries a high risk. Secondly, the most common cause of night hour operations is loss of control due to the flight illusion. As an operation relying on a night vision in particular has a very high accident hazard, accompanying instruments such as NVG are ought to be provided. Hence, a thorough preparation and inspection on missions for night forest fire extinguishing should be required and perfect guidelines/road maps and enough training programs for the operation should be provided before the engagement in missions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.468-471
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• 2012

본 연구는 삼척시를 중심으로 행정구역별(읍 면 동) 산불발생 현황과 삼척시 지역에 필요한 산불감시카메라의 적정대수 산정에 관하여 연구를 수행하였으며 결과는, 이미 설치되어 있는 개별 카메라는 중첩되는 곳이 있어 가시권이 확보된 곳으로 이동해야 할 것으로 판단하였다. 또한, 감시가 취약한 지역에 신규로 설치할 경우에는 인접한 기관(지자체 및 지방산림청)간의 감시시설과 감시지역 중복여부, 감시시설 위치의 타당성 등은 물론 어디에 우선하여 설치할 것인지를 광역적이고 과학적으로 판단하며 설치해야하며, 삼척시의 경우 설치 적정대수를 산정한 바, 최소한 32대 이상은 되어야 가장 효율적인 산불감시체계가 가능할 것으로 분석되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.456-459
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• 2012

산림 인접 시설은 산불의 발화원이자 주요 보호대상으로써, 이에 대한 관리를 위해 위험 정도를 판정하는 것은 진화 우선 순위의 결정과 인명과 재산의 보호를 위해 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 산림 인접지의 정의 하에 임상, 접근 경로, 소방시설, 지형 등을 이용하여, 각각의 산불 발생 시 위험 정도를 점수화하고 이를 이용하여, 산림 인접지 내 시설물의 산불 위험도를 측정하여, 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 산불 발생 시 실제 피해를 입은 시설물의 위험도가 높다고 판정하였으나, 미 피해 시설물의 위험도도 위험하다고 판정된 사례가 있어, 보다 향후 추가적인 연구와 사례 검증을 통한 연구를 통한 지속적인 보강이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2013

최근 산불이 대도시 및 소도시 인근 주민들의 삶의 터전인 주거지역으로까지 확산되어가고 있는 추세이다. 더욱이 비좁은 도시지역을 벗어나 산림과 인접한 곳에 주거지를 형성함으로서 과거에 임목 피해로만 국한되던 산불이 소중한 생명과 재산을 빼앗아가는 실정이며, 소중한 문화재까지 잿더미로 만들고 있다. 산불 발생 시 인근 주민들이나 등산객들이 산불 종사자들보다 먼저 신고하는 실정이다. 이는 산불 예방에 대한 관심을 갖고 자발적으로 유관부서에 연락해 산불의 발생, 확산을 방지하는데 많은 도움을 주고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 각 지방자치단체에서 사용하고 있는 산불 진화장비의 운영 실태를 조사 분석하여, 산불 발생 시 진화 장비의 효율적 활용을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.409-423
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• 2024

Using an extensive database, a sensitivity analysis across fifteen machine learning (ML) classifiers was conducted to evaluate the impact of various data manipulation techniques, evaluation metrics, and explainability tools. The results of this sensitivity analysis reveal that the examined models can achieve an accuracy ranging from 72-93% in predicting the fire-induced spalling of concrete and denote the light gradient boosting machine, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest algorithms as the best-performing models. Among such models, the six key factors influencing spalling were maximum exposure temperature, heating rate, compressive strength of concrete, moisture content, silica fume content, and the quantity of polypropylene fiber. Our analysis also documents some conflicting results observed with the deep learning model. As such, this study highlights the necessity of selecting suitable models and carefully evaluating the presence of possible outcome biases.