• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.347-354
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• 1997

Seasonal fluctuations in density of soil-inhabiting Pseudoscorpions at the Piagol, Mt. Chiri were assessed on the basis of 4,984 individuals collected from March 1993 to February 1995. They encompassed 2 families, 6 genera and 11 species. Species composition and abundance were as follows: Allochthonius buanensis 47.0%, Microcreagris sp. 2. 20.7%, Microcreagris pygmaea 12.9%, Microcreagris japonica 9.8%, Pararoncus japonicus 3.7%, Mundochthonius minusculus 3.2%, Parobisium longipalpus 1.2%, Microbisium pygmaeum 1.0%, Allochthonius coreanus 0.2%, Microcreagris sp. 1 0.2%, and Parobisium robustiella 0.1%. Diversity index (H') decreased and dominance index (C) increased at the height of 1,200 m. The heights of 500 m. The heights of 500 m and 600 m were dominated heavily by A. buanensis and abundance of M. japonical and Microcreagris sp. 2 was also comparatively high and H' was high in March and April, low in August and September. in case of May, Jun., Jul., Oct., Nov., Dec., Jan. 1993, and Feb. 1994, H' stayed at a relatively constant level. A total of 4,984 individuals including 1,170 protonymphs (23.5%), 1,251 deutonymphs (25.1%), 533 tritonymphs (10.7%), and 2,030 adults (40.7%) was collected from the study sites. Sex ratio of the Pseudoscorpions was approximately 1 female : 1.1 male.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 2017

Since the phases and patterns of the climate adaptability of vegetation can greatly differ from region to region, an intensive pixel scale approach is required. In this study, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression on satellite image-based vegetation index is conducted for to assess the effect of climate factors on vegetation productivity and to predict future productivity of forests vegetation in South Korea. The results indicate that the mean temperature of wettest quarter (Bio8), mean temperature of driest quarter (Bio9), and precipitation of driest month (Bio14) showed higher influence on vegetation productivity. The predicted 2050 EVI in future climate change scenario have declined on average, especially in high elevation zone. The results of this study can be used in productivity monitoring of climate-sensitive vegetation and estimation of changes in forest carbon storage under climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2011

The vascular plants in Jeokjabong, Bogil Island were listed 350 taxa composed of 89 families, 233 genera, 309 species, 1 subspecies, 36 varieties and 4 forms. Divided into woody plants were 142 taxa (40.6%) and herbaceous plants were 208 taxa (59.4%). Based on the list of rare and endangered species by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Rubus sorbifolius, and endemic plants, 10 taxa were recorded; Asarum maculatum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Carpinus coreana, Celtis choseniana, Lespedeza maritima, Indigofera koreana, Dendropanax morbifera, Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, and plant species subject to permission for taking abroad, 4 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Vaccinium oldhami, Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 64 taxa (18.3% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants); Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium in class IV, 19 taxa (Stauntonia hexaphylla, Cinnamomum japonicum, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Centella asiatica, Verbena officinalis, Mitchella undulata, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Ostericum melanotilingia, Sanicula rubriflora, Caryopteris incana, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II and 39 taxa (Gleichenia dichotoma, Cyrtomium fortunei, Aphananthe aspera, Rubus hirsutus, Meliosma myriantha, Hedera rhombea, Ainsliaea apiculata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 5 families, 17 genera, 20 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Verbesina alternifolia, Lolium perenne, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.7% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants. Hereafter natural ecosystem into disturbance on naturalized plants and legal protection species and rare and endangered species distribute in the Bogil Island, precision investigation after management counterplan of the monitoring a point of view be required.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze character of distribution of plants by landforms and altitude in Mt. myeonbong. The chemical properties of soil in this study sites were as follows; pH 4.86, organic 52.53 g/kg, $P_2O_5$ 7.57 mg/kg, potassium $0.18cmol^+/kg$, calcium $2.45cmol^+/kg$ and magnesium $0.49cmol^+/kg$. Generalists in the upper layer were analyzed as follows; Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, and specialists; Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, Morus bombycis etc. In the middle layer, generalists were Betula schmidtii, Quercus mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia and specialists; Lindera erythrocarpa, Quercus serrata, Staphylea bumalda etc. Generalist of shrubs; Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Sorbus alnifolia, and specialists; Morus bombycis, Pinus densiflora, Deutzia glabrata etc. Generalists of herbaceous layer; Rhus tricocarpa, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum and specialists; Liparis kumokiri, Davallia mariesii and Chrysosplenium flagelliferum etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.730-740
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• 2012

Korea Expressway Corporation have a plan to make a new highway from East Hongcheon to Yanayang in Kangwon-do(province). This research was conducted to analyze a vegetation structure of japanese red pine forest and to prepare conservation and restoration basic information for minimizing the effects on pine mushroom producing by road construction. Considering the range of effects by road construction, twenty plots were set up near road construction reserved area, and surveyed. The result analyzed by TWINSPAN, one of the classification technique, showed that the communities were divided into four groups which are two Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community and Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad leaves forest community(IV). Species diversity index of each community ranged from $1.7353{\pm}0.0341$ to $1.9079{\pm}0.2471$, and the average number of species was $9.2{\pm}2.8$, especially $9.6{\pm}5.0$ at canopy layer in the unit area($100m^2$). The number of individuals ranged from 4 to 29 and average 9.55 in the unit area($100m^2$). The average RSI(relative space index) was below 35%, the average estimated age of the forest was $38{\pm}8.34$ years. The depth of $A_0$ layer of soil was 4~6cm and the range of soil acidity was pH4.70~5.63(average pH 5.29). Pine mushroom and Japanes red pine have a close symbiosis relation. Therefore it is needed that minimizing the read construction which goes through the pine mushroom producing area. If a road goes through a pine mushroom producing area, restoration measurement is prepared to prevent forest from rapid change such as succession or vegetation structure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.923-928
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different types of topsoil in forest ecosystems by damage pattern and analyse the possibility of using the topsoil as a planting ground construction material. There were 72 samples from 36 sites of 12 damaged areas and 36 sites of 12 non-damaged areas. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of topsoil from non-damaged areas of forest ecosystems were on an average clay loam~sandy loam in soil texture, showing $0.95{\sim}1.10Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $35.7{\sim}44.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 56.0~64.3 in soil porosity, 8.4~35.8% in aggregate stability, 5~13 mm in soil hardness, 5.3~6.1 in pH, 0.14~0.65 dS/m in EC, 0.28~0.42% in T-N, $14{\sim}22cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.15{\sim}0.31cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $2.07{\sim}2.84cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.45{\sim}1.97cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 17~96 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 3.2~5.6% in OM. On the other hand, damaged areas were on an average clay loam~loamy sand in soil texture, showing $1.54{\sim}1.75Mg/m^3$ in soil bulk density, $52.8{\sim}58.0m^3/m^3$ in solid phase, 42.0~47.2 in soil porosity, 4.2~22.5% in aggregate stability, 13~25 mm in soil hardness, 4.8~5.5 in pH, 0.13~0.62 dS/m in EC, 0.02~0.12% in T-N, $5{\sim}15cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, $0.11{\sim}0.18cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, $0.45{\sim}2.36cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, $0.39{\sim}0.96cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, 15~257 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$ and 0.4~2.2% in OM. After conducting a comparison of physicochemical characteristics of non-damaged forest area and damaged areas, it was found that the physicochemical characteristics of damaged areas were more deteriorated compared to that of non-damaged areas. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to establish countermeasures for the conservation and management of the damaged areas for topsoil recycling in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.324-336
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present ecological administration plan by analyzing vegetation structure and condition rating class(environmental damage degree) of Sangnim Woods Natural Monument in Hamyang-gun, Korea. In vegetation structure part, actual vegetation was classified by 22 patterns and Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community(31.8％), Quercus serrata community(14.6％) ranged extensively. Main plant community was 8 types, and is fractionated by 13 plant communities according to stratigraphy development degree it is Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Carpinus tschonoskii Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Quercus serrata community, and Planted area with korean landscape woody plants. Age of old growth trees that diameter of breast height over 38cm was 61∼77years. In condition rating class, area of class 3 was 51,960$m^2$(32.8％), area of class 4 was 6,583$m^2$(3.5％), and area of class 5 was 4,086$m^2$(2.6％) and gross area of class 3∼6 need artificial restoration was 61,619$m^2$(38.9％). Considering actual vegetation, plant community structure, and condition rating class biotope was classified by total 14 types. While distribution area of Queens spp. old growth forest of shrub damaged(51,246$m^2$, 32.4％) and deciduous broad leaved old growth forest of simple-layer structure(19,906$m^2$, 12.6％) is large and that of deciduous broad-leaved old growth forest of multi-layer structure(2,085$m^2$, 1.3％) and Queens spp. old growth forest of multi-layer structure may have to manage with user control by administration plan for stabilization of Sangnim Woods ecosystem for long-term. Also, both vegetation of shrub damaged and simple-layer structure as negative restoration area should be restored for ecological succession and both grassland and planted area with korean woody plants as positive restoration area should be revegetated by using ecological planting model of native vegetation structure in Sangnim Woods.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2008

This research was aimed at looking into the vegetation structure of Abies holophylla forest distributed between Iljumun of Woljeong Temple and Keumgang bridge in Odaesan National Park. It was found that existed a total of 977 tree of Abies holophylla which are more than 20cm in DBH within the target site, and in 2006 when the survey was made, the number of fallen trees and poor growth trees was about 96, accounting for 9.8% of all. The age of Abies holophylla ranged from 41 years to 135 years($11\sim82cm$ in DBH). The number of Abies holophylla over 100cm in DBH was 8 and the largest Abies holophylla was 175cm in DBH and 31m in height. Its density was 5.9 individuals per $400m^2$. As a result of the analysis of the plant community structure using the TWINSP AN classification, Abies holophylla was divided into four community types. Firstly, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla community was predicted to vary into Abies holophylla community. In case of other three other communities, Abies holophylla communities were predicted to compete with deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono. Abies holophylla forest adjacent to Woljeong Temple of Odaesan National Park has a high value as sustainable resources for culture, landscape and tourism. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the reason for the incidence of poor growth trees and fallen trees among all trees of Abies holophylla and take counter-measures against it for the preservation and management of Abies holophylla forest. In addition, a more aggressive managrment like getting rid of the deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono, which appear mostly on understory layer or shrub layer within Abies holophylla, and continuous management is also needed for the young trees of Abies holophylla which are feared to be pressurized outside from their neighboring trees because their initial growth after germination is very slow.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate salt marsh flora and vegetation in the mouth of Mankyeong river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster a foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plants and establishment of a conservation policy after developing the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great ecological value. As a result of this research, there are 10 families 25 genera 29 species and 3 varieties of vascular plants in the Mankyong-river estuary area. These are 0.76% among 4,191 of Korean vascular plants. There are also 5 families 6 genera 6 species and 1 varietiy of the naturalized plants which are 7 taxa in total and 3.85% of indicators of naturalized plants. Firstly, a district of low tide marsh has below 5% of vegetation coverage of Suaeda japonica and the vegetation cover was increasing rapidly while moving to a place of high tide marsh which is in the direction to a bank. In general, a range of from low tide marsh to high tide marsh is distributed with sequence of Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Suaeda maritima$\rightarrow$Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Aster tripolium$\rightarrow$Artemisia scoparia$\rightarrow$Carex scabrifolia$\rightarrow$Zoysia sinica$\rightarrow$Phragmites australis$\rightarrow$Phacelurus latifolius. Suaeda japonica has the highest dominance among the species composition and Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Artemisia scoparia, Carex scabrifolia and Phacelurus latifolius are distributed as zonation or patch. By the Z-M method eleven plant communities were recognized; Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Suaeda maritima, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Aster tripolium, Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Carex scabrifolia, Phacelurus latifolius, Artemisia scoparia-Aster tripolium, Paspalum distichum var. indutum and Aster tripolium-Artemisia scoparia community. The actual vegetation map was constructed of the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.189-210
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• 2011

As a part of improving the effect of stream restoration, the study selected 90 domestic natural streams that are not damaged and researched their riparian vegetations. Among them, the results of streams, whose naturalized ratio were more than 5 % and valley type flood plains were not developed, were excluded. By using the results of final 49 streams, plant communities and companion species that commonly appeared in high frequency, depending on stream type, were drawn. The result revealed that Quercus mongolica community, Hemiptelea davidii community and Salix koreensis community were representative in the mid-northern district (latitude: N $37{\sim}37.9^{\circ}$) with Salix koreensis community in the central district (latitude: N $36{\sim}36.9^{\circ}$) and Quercus serrata community in the southern district (latitude: $34{\sim}35.9^{\circ}$). For the stream type depending on altitude, Quercus serrata community and Phragmites japonica community were representative in the altitude of 200~500 m and there was no stream, in which flood plain is developed naturally, in the altitude of more than 500 m. In addition, the study drew representative communities depending on width of stretches of water at mean water level indicating the size of stream. Quercus serrata community was major vegetation at sites which are less than 20 m wide and Salix koreensis community was common at sites which are more than 20 m and less than 100 m wide of stretches of water at mean water level. Meanwhile the major vegetations at sites which are more than 100 m wide were Salix koreensis community, Morus bombycis community and Salix nipponica community. The study selected the kind of tree for planning riparian forest in flood plain by stream type on the basis of the result and suggested tree planting pattern that can be used in actual work by referring to the result of hydraulic review.