• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.338-351
• /
• 2016

Park planning is done in a way to satisfy various expectations, including providing green space and offering urban space with specific and detailed strategies. This study focuses on large-scale parks that have been built since 2000 or that are going to be built. Their significance in the city was analyzed along with strategic characteristics for designing urban parks, and implications are suggested. First, the design aspects of urban parks have gradually tended towards flexibility for adapting to the diverse surrounding environments. Relating the parks to the surrounding area is realized through connection with facilities or planning to process the border area smoothly. Second, unlike in the past, urban parks are not just simply used as a resting space but play other productive and complex roles in the urban space for healing in the community. Third, six design strategies are being applied in these parks through mutually complex relations. Relations with external parties and planning inside the parks add more importance to the park for the community. Fourth, the changes of vertical time are reflected in park planning strategies and tend to form a floor plan. This is associated with growing park planning and is being realized as a major characteristic in urban park planning strategies.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.242-249
• /
• 2006

Potential impacts of the future climate change on crop production can be inferred by crop simulations at a landscape scale, if the climate data may be provided at appropriate spatial scales. Northern Gyunggi Province is one of the few prospective regions in South Korea for growing quality soybeans. Any geographical shift of production areas under the changing climate may influence the current land planning policy in this region. A soybean growth simulation was performed at 342 land units in northern Gyunggi province to test the potential geographical shift of the current production areas for quality soybeans in the near future (form 2011 to 2100). The land units for soybean cultivation were selected by the land use, the soil characteristics, and the minimum arable land area. Daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, the number of rain days and solar radiation were extracted for each land unit from the future digital climate models (DCM, 2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100). Daily weather data for 30 years were randomly generated for each land unit for each normal year by using a well-known statistical method. They were used to run CROPGRO-Soybean model to simulate the growth, phonology, and yields of 3 cultivars representing different maturity groups grown at 342 land units. According to the model calculations, the warming trend in this region will accelerate the flowering and physiological maturity of all cultivars, resulting in a 7 to 9 days reduction in overall growing season and a 1 to 15% reduction in grain yield of early to medium maturity cultivars. There was a slight increase in grain yield of the late maturing cultivar under the projected climate by 2070, but a decreasing tend was dominant by the year 2100.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2007

The normalized difference in incident solar energy between a target surface and a level surface (overheating index, OHI) is useful in eliminating estimation error of site-specific maximum temperature in complex terrain. Due to the complexity in its calculation, however, an empirical proxy variable called northern exposure index (NEI) which combines slope and aspect has been used to estimate OHI based on empirical relationships between the two. An experiment with real-world landscape and temperature data was carried out to evaluate performance of the NEI - derived OHI (N-OHI) in reduction of spatial interpolation error for daily maximum temperature compared with that by the original OHI. We collected daily maximum temperature data from 7 sites in a mountainous watershed with a $149 km^2$ area and a 795m elevation range ($651{\sim}1,445m$) in Pyongchang, Kangwon province. Northern exposure index was calculated for the entire 166,050 grid cells constituting the watershed based on a 30-m digital elevation model. Daily OHI was calculated for the same watershed ana regressed to the variation of NEI. The regression equations were used to estimate N-OHI for 15th of each month. Deviations in daily maximum temperature at 7 sites from those measured at the nearby synoptic station were calculated from June 2006 to February 2007 and regressed to the N-OHI. The same procedure was repeated with the original OHI values. The ratio sum of square errors contributable by the N-OHI were 0.46 (winter), 0.24 (fall), and 0.01 (summer), while those by the original OHI were 0.52, 0.37 and 0.15, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.92-106
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to identify land use types and to develop and evaluate biotope maps for Gangseo-Gu (ward) in Busan Metropolitan City, South Korea, using the Degree of Hemeroby. Hemeroby is a measurement concept or tool to assess the magnitude of human impact on ecosystems. Gangseo-Gu is the second largest Gu in Busan and is under strong development pressure. Before the field survey, biotopes were pre-classified based on digital maps, aerial photos and high-resolution satellite images. The method employed in biotope survey and mapping was adopted from the modified method used in Seoul, which carried out the first biotope mapping in Korea in 2000. In the field survey, a comprehensive biotope mapping method was used. The results showed that the total surface area of biotopes in Gangseo-gu was $172,620,207m^2$(42,655 acres) and there were 29 biotope types with 13,631 polygons. The ratio of urban or built-up area 22.6% and the remaining areas were forest and open spaces, of which 22.6% were actual forest areas and 35.6% were paddy fields and other field areas. The Hemeroby Index of Gangseo-gu was 54.7, which suggests that Gangseo-gu has not yet been developed extensively and needs a long-term conservation and coordinated development plan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.777-784
• /
• 2015

This study verified the correlations between vegetation factors, such as the number of individual species and species diversity, and soil factors in Chamaecyparis obtusa (CO) stands in Jeollanam-do. Also, the site environmental factors that affect the annual growth of CO ring width were analyzed. Positive correlations were found between the species diversity index and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), available phosphate, and exchangeable $K^+$ (P<0.01). In addition, strong positive correlations were also found between the number of species that appeared in the study site and CEC, available phosphorus, exchangeable $K^+$ and exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ (P<0.01). Tree ring growth showed strong correlations with the nutrient holding capacity and fertility of soil, including available phosphate, exchangeable $K^+$, CEC, and electrical conductivity (P<0.01). The explanatory variables of tree ring growth in CO were composed of exchangeable $K^+$, organic matter content, and soil pH. The regression model had a high level of explanatory power, 74.4%. In this model, the annual growth of CO ring width increased when exchangeable $K^+$ and organic matter content were higher but decreased when soil pH was lower. According to the analysis, it is found that the annual growth of CO ring width was significantly affected by soil fertility, including available phosphate, exchangeable $K^+$, CEC, and electrical conductivity. In addition, the soil fertility of CO stands seems to be significantly affected by the supply of fallen leaves from the understory vegetation of CO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2015

Preparations need to be made for Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) in anticipation of climate change because Korean pine is an endemic species of South Korea and the source of timber and pine nut. Therefore, climate change adaptation policy has been established to conduct an impact assessment on the distribution of Korean pine. Our objective was to predict the distribution of Korean pine while taking into account uncertainty and afforestation conditions. We used the 5th forest types map, a forest site map and BIOCLIM variables. The climate scenarios are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for uncertainty and the climate models are 5 regional climate models (HadGEM3RA, RegCM4, SNURCM, GRIMs, WRF). The base period for this study is 1971 to 2000. The target periods are the mid-21st century (2021-2050) and the end of the 21st century (2071-2100). This study used the MaxEnt model, and 50% of the presences were randomly set as training data. The remaining 50% were used as test data, and 10 cross-validated replicates were run. The selected variables were the annual mean temperature (Bio1), the precipitation of the wettest month (Bio13) and the precipitation of the driest month (Bio14). The test data's ROC curve of Korean pine was 0.689. The distribution of Korean pine in the mid-21st century decreased from 11.9% to 37.8% on RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied from 32.1% to 45.4% on both RCPs. The areas at the end of the 21st century declined by 53.9% on RCP 4.5 and by 86.0% on RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied 23.8% on RCP 4.5 and 7.2% on RCP 8.5. Private forests showed more of a decrease than national forests for all subsequent periods. Our results may contribute to the establishment of climate change adaptation policies for considering various adaptation options.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.82 no.4
• /
• pp.328-336
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate sensitivity of tree seedlings to $SO_2$. Visible injury symptoms and changes of ethylene production were investigated in tree seedlings with the fumigation of $SO_2$ in gas chamber 4 hours a day for six days. The symptoms of visible injury did not appear below 0.5ppm level of $SO_2$ exposure but a change of visible injury with the passage of time appeared at 1.5 and 2.5ppm in all seedlings. With the higher the concentration and/or the longer exposure of $SO_2$ the visible injury symptoms on leaves increased in all seedlings. The sensitivity of seedlings to $SO_2$ was the highest in Liriodendron tulipifera followed by Pinus strobus, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. The amount of ethylene production was more at 1.5 and 2.5ppm of $SO_2$ exposure than at 0.5ppm and the peak time of it came faster at higher levels. The amount of ethylene production was significantly different among tree seedlings. It showed a higher at production of ethylene in Liriodendron tulipifera compared to Ginkgo biloba and the ethylene production of Pinus trees to $SO_2$ were the highest in Pinus strobus followed by Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. In needle of Pinus strobus the ethylene production increased with the increasing rate of visible injury until the injury rate of 40-50% and than decreased with the increasing rate of visible injury since the rate of 50%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.28-34
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate monthly mean of daily maximum and minimum temperature across North Korea at a 30 m grid spacing for a climatological normal year (1971-2000) and the 4 decadal averages (1971-1980, 1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). A geospatial climate interpolation method, which has been successfully used to produce the so-called 'High-Definition Digital Climate Maps' (HD-DCM), was used in conjunction with the 27 North Korean and 17 South Korean synoptic data. Correction modules including local effects of cold air drainage, thermal belt, ocean, solar irradiance and urban heat island were applied to adjust the synoptic temperature data in addition to the lapse rate correction. According to the final temperature estimates for a normal year, North Korean winter is expected colder than South Korean winter by $7^{\circ}C$ in average, while the spatial mean summer temperature is lower by $3^{\circ}C$ than that for South Korea. Warming trend in North Korea for the recent 40 years (1971-2010) was most remarkable in spring and fall, showing a 7.4% increase in the land area with 15 or higher daily maximum temperature for April.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.335-352
• /
• 2014

In this study, we investigated and analysed the water quality, distribution of the vegetation and the wildlife to seven wetlands in Donghae city. As a result, most of the wetlands was found to be very poor water quality and some specific pollutants from entering the wetland. A total of 234 taxa on vegetation were identified including 207 species, 24 varieties, 3 formaes, 168 genera and 69 families. 2 species were recorded as designated rare plant of Korea Forest Service. The naturalized plants were 27 species. The urbanization rate of naturalization index was 8.4% and 11.6% respectively. The number of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa was 35 species, 26 families, 12 orders, 5 classes and 3 phylums. Rare species were recorded 3 species. Taxa for fishes were 5 family and 5 species. Endangered wildlife was found 1 species. Most wetlands in Donghae city were the relatively small in size, and some wetlands were separately located from forest and river ecosystems. It was limited inflow and outflow of species into a wetland from the outside. However, various vegetation were found at whole wetlands and some special species also inhabited. The wetlands performed the role as a habitat of wild life.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2008

Information on daily maximum air temperature is important in predicting the status of plants and insects, but the uneven and sparse distribution of weather stations prohibits timely access to the data in regions with complex topography. Since cumulative solar irradiance plays a critical role in determining daily maximum temperature on any sloping surfaces, derivation of a quantitative relationship between cumulative solar irradiance and the resultant daily maximum temperature is a prerequisite to development of such estimation models. Air temperatures at 8 sideslope locations with similar elevation and slope angle but aspect, circumventing a cone-shaped, grass-covered parasitic volcano (c.a., 570 m diameter for the bottom circle and 90m bottom-to-top height), were measured from June to December in 2007. Daily maximum temperatures from each location were compared with the average of 8 locations (assumed to be the temperature measured at a "horizontal reference" position). The temperature deviation at all locations increased with the day of year (or sun elevation) from summer solstice to winter solstice. Averaged over the entire period, the south facing location was warmer by $1^{\circ}C$ in daily maximum temperature than "horizontal reference" and the north facing location was cooler by $0.8^{\circ}C$ than the reference, resulting in the year round average south-north temperature difference of $1.8^{\circ}C$. In November, both south and north facing slopes showed the greatest deviation of $+2.0^{\circ}C$ and $-1.3^{\circ}C$, respectively in daily maximum temperature at monthly scale. On a daily scale, the greatest deviation was +3.8 and $2.7^{\circ}C$ at the south and north slope, respectively. The cumulative solar irradiance (on the slope for 4 hours from 11:00 to 15:00 TST) explained >60% of the variance in daily maximum temperature deviations among 8 locations, suggesting a feasibility of developing an estimation model for daily maximum temperature over complex topography at landscape scales.