• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

The objective of our study was to investigate the major reasons for the different growth and visible injury on the needles of black pine growing in Ulsan and Yeocheon industrial complex areas, South Korea. After 12 years of growth, we collected climatic and air pollutant data, and analyzed soil properties and the physiological characteristics of black pine needles. Annual and minimum temperatures in Ulsan were higher than those in Yeocheon from 1996 to 2008. Ozone ($O_3$) was the pollutant in greatest concentration in Yeocheon, and whereas the $SO_2$ concentration in most areas decreased gradually during the whole period of growth, $SO_2$ concentration in Yeocheon has increased continuously since 1999, where it was the highest out of four areas since 2005. Total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in Yeocheon soil were significantly lower than those of Ulsan. The average growth of black pine in Yeocheon was significantly smaller than that in Ulsan, and the growth of damaged trees represented a significant difference between the two sites. Photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzyme activity in the current needles of black pine in Yeocheon were not significantly different between damaged and healthy trees, but in 1-year-old needles, there were significant differences between damaged and healthy trees. In conclusion, needle damage in Yeocheon black pine can be considered the result of long-term exposure to oxidative stress by such as $O_3$ or $SO_2$, rather than a difference in climatic condition or soil properties, and the additional expense of photosynthate needed to overcome damage or alleviate oxidative stress may cause growth retardation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.584-592
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of pruning intensity on the vigor and cambial growth of the treated trees, and on the closure of pruning wounds for one year after pruning treatment. Two tree species, Pinus strobus and Acer palmatum, planted broadly in the urban forest of Korea were selected for the experiment. Intensity of pruning, which was estimated by proportion of removed branches, was categorized into five levels with about 10% intervals from lowest 8% up to 46%. Following parameters were examined; cambial electrical resistance (CER) and the cambial growth of trunk at 30 cm above the ground for the years before and after pruning, the cambial growth of stem at 1.5 cm above the branch bark ridge (BBR) of the pruned branch, and closure of pruning wound for one year after pruning. Tree vigor inferred from CER had a tendency to be weakened as pruning intensity increased in P. strobus, while that of A. palmatum was not affected. The trunk growth decreased significantly when the pruning intensity was higher than 30% in both species. The closure of individual pruning wound was related more to the cambial growth of stem at 1.5 cm above BBR than to the pruning intensity. Comparing the closure rate of pruning wound for one year, P. strobus with 72.1% was faster than A. palmatum with 39.3%, which corresponded with the rate of cambial growth of the two species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze annual diameter growth characteristics for major 11 tree species using the data for Gangwon province of the National Forest Resources Inventory in 2007. The annual diameter growth of coniferous species was 5.02 mm, 4.70 mm, and 3.90 mm in Korean white pine, Japanese larch, and Korean red pine, respectively. In growths of the deciduous trees, dogwood, basswood, and cork oak had 3.55 mm, 3.48 mm and 3.01 mm, respectively. Average of the annual diameter growths for all species was 3.38 mm. The relationship between diameter growth and age class showed that the growth rate decreased for all species as age increased. The age class II had the highest annual diameter rate. In relation of the stand density(trees per hectare) and diameter growth, the diameter growth tended to decrease as the stand density increased for most species, especially Korean white pine, cork oak, and basswood. Finally age had the highest value in the correlation coefficients between measurement factor and growth rate regardless of species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.651-658
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative growth characteristics and ginenoside contents of wild-simulated ginseng on different years (7 and 13-year-old) by monitoring soil properties of cultivation regions. Plant and soil samples were collected from 6 different cultivation regions. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions. Growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng had shown significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. Ginsenoside G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng than 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil OM, TN and CEC of the cultivated regions were positively correlated with the growth of wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, the root length of wild-simulated ginseng showed positive correlation with ginsenoside content. Hence, this study was able to investigate the correlation between growth and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng based on soil characteristics of the cultivation regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of climatic variables on tree-ring growth of Larix leptolepis distributed in Korea by dendroclimatological method. For this, annual tree-ring growth data of Larix leptolepis collected by the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory were first organized to analyze yearly growth patterns of the species. To explain the relationship between tree-ring growth of Larix leptolepis and climatic variables, monthly temperature and precipitation data from 1950 to 2010 were compared with tree-ring growth data for each county. When tree-ring growth data were analyzed through cluster analysis based on similarity of climatic conditions, six clusters were identified. In addition, index chronology of Larix leptolepis for each cluster was produced through cross-dating and standardization procedures. The adequacy of index chronologies was tested using basic statistics such as mean sensitivity, auto correlation, signal to noise ratio, and expressed population signal of annual tree-ring growth. Response function analysis was finally conducted to reveal the relationship between tree-ring growth and climatic variables for each cluster. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable information necessary for estimating local growth characteristics of Larix leptolepis and for predicting changes in tree growth patterns caused by climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.351-359
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of climate change on the tree-ring growth of Pinus koraiensis in Korea. Annual tree-ring growth data of P. koraiensis collected by the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory were first organized to analyze yearly growth patterns of the species. When tree-ring growth data were analyzed through cluster analysis based on similarity of climatic conditions, five clusters were identified. Yearly growing degree days and standard precipitation index based on daily mean temperature and precipitation data from 1951 to 2010 were calculated by cluster. Using the information, yearly temperature effect index(TEI) and precipitation effect index(PEI) by cluster were estimated to analyze the effect of climatic conditions on the growth of the species. Tree-ring growth estimation equations by cluster were developed by using the product of yearly TEI and PEI as independent variable. The tree-ring growth estimation equations were applied to the climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for predicting the changes in tree-ring growth by cluster of P. koraiensis from 2011 to 2100. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable information necessary for estimating local growth characteristics of P. koraiensis and for predicting changes in tree-ring growth patterns caused by climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 2000

Seasonal distribution of ectomycorrhizal associations in various types of forest in a boreal forest in Manitoba. Canada was investigated. Alsohe relationship between ectomycorrhizal growth and pine pollen nutrients was examined. In four different forest stands, ectomycorrhizas tended to be lower in the spring than in the summer and fall samples. In addition. a mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stand showed higher mycorrhizal activities than a young jack pine stand. Growth of Suillus brevipes hyphae wa ts stimulated by additions of pollen representing mean pollen deposition in Mistik Creek study area after 30 and 70 days of growth with dextrose availability. This result suggests that the peak ectomycorrhizal activity is followed by pollen deposition in the study region and therefore, addition of pine and spruce pollen in early or middle of June in the boreal forest can be an important seasonal nutrient source for ectomycorrhizal growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.266-278
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• 2012

The objective of this study was developing dynamic stand growth model to predict diameter at breast height (DBH) growth by thinning intensity and cycle for major tree species of South Korea. The yield table, one of static stand growth models, constructed by Korea Forest Service was employed to prepare dynamic stand growth models for 8 tree species. In the process of model development, the thinning type was designated to thinning from below and equations for predicting the DBH change after thinning by different intensities was generated. In addition, stand density (N/ha), age and site index were adopted as explanatory variables for DBH prediction model. Thereafter, using the model, DBH growth under various silvicuture through integrating such equations considering thinning intensities, and cycles. The dynamic stand growth model of DBH developed in this study can provide understanding of effectiveness in forest growth and growing stock when thinning practice is performed in forest. Furthermore, results of this study is also applicable to quantitatively assess the carbon storage sequestration capability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

Larix kaempferi and Betula costata seedlings were grown under an elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) for four weeks to understand initial changes on physiological characteristics caused by temperature rising in connection with global warming. At the end of the treatment, growth performance, leaf pigment content, antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured and analyzed. Relative growth rates of the height of two tree species grown under elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) were lower than those of control ($24^{\circ}C$) and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were also reduced at higher temperature. Particularly, the root growth reduction of two tree species increased markedly at $27^{\circ}C$ over the study period, which increased the ratio of shoot to root. Under higher temperature, leaf pigment contents decreased, whereas anti-oxidative enzyme activities such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) increased as compared with the control. But MDA content was not affected by elevated temperature. In conclusion, the elevated temperature leads to root growth reduction, restriction of nutrient uptake from soil and the reduction of leaf pigment contents, which can inhibit the aboveground growth. In addition, higher temperature might act as a stress factor that causes growth reduction through the increase of energy consumption during a growth period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2006

An efficient method for in vitro propagation of the medicinal plant Hovenia duleis, was established. Plantlets for micropropagation of H. dulcis were obtained from in vitro germinated seeds. The effectiveness of various levels of cytokinins (BAP, Kinetin and TDZ) on multiple shoot formation from stem nodes was tested. BAP (1.0 mg/L) treatment induced highest number of multiple shoots. The growth pattern of plantlet on various culture media was undertaken. The shoot elongation was optimal on 2MS basal medium without growth regulators. The in vitro rooting ability of H. dulcis shoots was examined with two-auxins IAA and IBA. The IAA (1.0 mg/L) treatments induced earliest rooting with maximum number of roots and root growth. Rooted shoots were transferred directly to small pots with artificial soil and such established plant exhibited a normal growth pattern similar to wild plantlet.