• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2010

Forests are being seriously fragmented as a result of land development. Land development with disregard to its subsequent environmental impacts is a primary threat to biodiversity by incurring massive habitat losses and changes in structure and composition of forests. The purpose of this study was to develop the impact assessment model for quantitative distance or degree of disturbance by land developments. This study conducted a survey about structure and composition of forest species to determine degree of impact from land development. The edge effect of forest fragmentation on the number of bird species, population size, and bird diversity was obvious. In particular, the bird diversity sharply declines around the forest edge where intensive land development projects take place. To assess the disturbance of forest species, the factors selected were the bird diversity and the rate of edge species. The impact assessment model about bird diversity was explained by type of forest fragmentation and type of vegetation ($R^2$=0.23, p<0.005). The other model about edge species explained by a distance, type of forest fragmentation, type of vegetation, and width of road ($R^2$=0.34, p<0.001). In order to test the applicability of the model developed in this study, the models was applied to the Samsong housing development in Goyang-si, Gyunggi-do. The impacts of land development on the bird species were reasonably quantified to suggest effective mitigation measure. The impact assessment model developed in this study is useful to assess the magnitude of disturbance of bird species. Particularly, the model could be applied to the current Environmental Impact Assessment practices to predict and quantify the impacts of land developments projects on forest bird species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

It is necessary to examine relationship between spatial patterns of forest types and characteristics of forest fires for efficient management of fire and forest. By the ecoregions of South Korea, we computed landscape indices for whole types of forests(landscape level) and pine forests(class level), and analyzed characteristics of forest fires using statistics of forest fires from 1991 to 2006. We performed canonical correlation analysis to model the relationship between the landscape indices and the statistics of forest fires. At landscape level, forest patches were larger and more complex in the ecoregions which had higher percentage of forest area. At class level, pine forest patches were more complex and closer to neighbor patches in the coastal ecoregions. The ecoregions including metropolitan areas and cities had more frequent fire occurrences per 1,000ha, while mountainous coastal ecoregions had more burned areas and faster spread of fire growth rate. The canonical correlation between the landscape indices for pine forests and the statistics of forest fires was statistically significant at the 0.05 level and explained more than 70% of the variation in fire variables. The results showed that combustion time per fire was longer in the ecoregions which had larger and more aggregated pine forest patches.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.6 s.119
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• pp.78-86
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• 2007

Research into the use of recreation forest accommodations, the main facilities in these forests, and user satisfaction with them has been carried out for recreation forests in the suburbs of Daegusi and Gyongsangbukdo. This study aimed at providing background material to support the increasing demand to improve the facilities of recreation forests and to educate recreation forest staff about how to provide better service. User satisfaction with recreation forests as determined through regression analysis was affected by the following factors in this order: indoor recreation, the indoor space, outdoor recreation, time satisfaction factor, and activity opportunities. The level of satisfaction is affected by the force of factors above. The order of effective offerings of accommodations is presented according to the results.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2023

The present study evaluated growth factors affecting oak community plantations through literature review and a field survey. Specifically, 41 related literature sources were analyzed and field surveys were conducted to collect growth data. Previous studies were analyzed to identify variables with high frequency of use. The frequency of use was in the order of tree size > environment > planting density > forest age. Analysis of factors impacting height and diameter growth revealed that the growth rate of species other than Quercus variabilis was negative in the field survey. This may be because of differences between the actual trees planted and specifications in the construction drawings, which may be attributed to the site conditions and decisions made by the project subject during construction. Furthermore, simple linear regression analysis was conducted with time, height at planting, density, and species code as the independent variables and growth rate as the dependent variable. A strong positive linear correlation was noted between height and diameter. This work builds a foundation for developing a forest restoration model and simulation program based on a regression model derived from the four variables tested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.768-777
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• 2006

The purpose of this study lies in formulating the landscape preference model using a conditional logit that involves the effect of visual elements as well as landscape itself on landscape preferences. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire composed of paired photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and the Jirisan National Park of Korea was distributed to visitors to the Jirisan National Park of Korea. Visual elements of landscape quantitatively measured by photogrammetry were reduced to orthogonal principal components that were subsequently used as explanatory variables in a conditional logit. As a result, the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself satisfied the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) property and showed reliable goodness of fit (${\rho}^2=0.25$). It was concluded that the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself was appropriate for landscape preference model rather than usual conditional logit excluding the effect.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2009

This study was designed to present a river model with an aim at restoring the ecosystem and improving the landscape along the urban rivers on the basin of the Namhan river, a core life channel for the National Capital region. The revelation of botanical status, transition trend and correlation of plants might lead to providing the urban river restoration projects and ecological river formation projects with basic data for a model of ideal aquatic ecology and landscape. The outcomes of this study could be summed up as follows: 1. Communities of Juglans mandshurica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica constitute the main portion of flora at or around uppermost branch streams of the River Namhanis harbored mainly in and around small brooks 2. Typical terrestrial forest communities formed around the River Namhan are composed mainly of Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida, planned forestation of Pinus koraiensis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora. 3. The analysis into terrestrial environment of plant communities showed a high content of $P_2O_5$, typical communities found in the artificially disturbed land Finally, it seems also desirable to continue to make every exertion to explore the relationship between fluvial and terrestrial ecologies with a purport of building up a model of natural streams in urban area based on the surveyed factors for plant life, forest communities, soil and landscape and, moreover, on the forecasting for overall influences derived from the relation upon the ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.27-43
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• 2019

This study applied the LANDIS-II model to the forest vegetation of the study area in Yeongdong-gun, Korea to identify climate effects on ecosystems of forest vegetation. The main purpose of the study is to examine the long-term changes in forest aboveground biomass(AGB) under three different climate change scenarios; The baseline climate scenario is to maintain the current climate condition; the RCP 4.5 scenario is a stabilization scenario to employ of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; the RCP 8.5 scenario is increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative with 936ppm of $CO_2$ concentration by 2100. The vegetation survey and tree-ring analysis were conducted to work out the initial vegetation maps and data for operation of the LANDIS model. Six types of forest vegetation communities were found including Quercus mongolica - Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community, Larix leptolepis afforestation and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. As for changes in total AGB under three climate change scenarios, it was found that RCP 4.5 scenario featured the highest rate of increase in AGB whereas RCP 8.5 scenario yielded the lowest rate of increase. These results suggest that moderately elevated temperatures and $CO_2$ concentrations helped the biomass flourish as photosynthesis and water use efficiency increased, but huge increase in temperature ($above+4.0^{\circ}C$) has resulted in the increased respiration with increasing temperature. Consequently, Species productivity(Biomass) of trees decrease as the temperature is elevated drastically. It has been confirmed that the dominant species in all scenarios was Quercus mongolica. Like the trends shown in the changes of total AGB, it revealed the biggest increase in the AGB of Quercus mongolica under the RCP 4.5 scenario. AGB of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis decreased in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios after 2050 but have much higher growth rates of the AGB starting from 2050 under the baseline scenario. Under all scenarios, the AGB of coniferous species was eventually perished in 2100. In particular they were extinguished in early stages of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. This is because of natural selection of communities by successions and the failure to adapt to climate change. The results of the study could be expected to be effectively utilized to predict changes of the forest ecosystems due to climate change and to be used as basic data for establishing strategies for adaptation climate changes and the management plans for forest vegetation restoration in ecological restoration fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 2014

This study selected Nakdong River basin zone in Daegu as an example area to conduct landscapetope classification and aesthetic value assessment of landscape according to the classified landscapetope. The main result of this research can be summed up as following. First, the result of landscapetope type classification showed 28 types of landscapetope including complex residential area (AA), natural stream type with copious vegetation (BA), forest type centered on mixed forest of soft and hardwood (EB) along with 129 types of imputed specific landscapetope. The result of the total first assessment using B-VAT showed the first grade 10 types, II grade 4 types, III grade6 types, IV grade 3 types, 5 types for V grade with the lowest value. The second assessment conducted toward the landscapetope types with the grade higher than the average (including III grade) in the result of the first assessment showed that there are 66 spaces for the sites (1a, 1b) with special meaning for aesthetic landscape evaluation. And also, there were 69 spaces for those (2a, 2b, 2c) with meaning for aesthetic landscape evaluation. The design model of this research is largely divided into improvement goal and specific execution plan. First, the improvement goal is divided into 6 categories including conservation area, complementary area, and restoration area, and the specific execution plan is divided into 14 categories including special landscape management area, general landscape management area, conservation of hill areas with optically good condition. A comprehensive master plan was suggested by directly applying the set landscape planning model to the subject place of this research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to find out the applicability of LANDIS-II model to Korea. The case study was carried out in Daecheong Dam basin. In order to operate the model, a total of 63,107 cells of 100x100m unit were constructed, each cell consists of ecoregion map, initial communities map, plant physiological data, and climate change prediction data using SSP2-4.5 scenario. Forest distributions of year 2050 and 2100 were predicted by distribution intensity and interference among trees based on field surveys of 147 points in 2020. As a result, trees of decreased distribution area in the future are in the order of Quercus mongolica, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia, which characterized vulnerable to the effects of climate change or artificially planted trees. While warm climate trees of Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima and Quercus aliana are predicted to increase their distribution area in the order. These results analyzed using the LANDIS-II model are consistent with the studies on potential natural vegetation and succession tendency in Korea. In conclusion, the applicability of LANDIS-II model in Korea is highly effective and it is also expected to serve as a scientific basis for determining forest policies on afforestation and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.215-231
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• 2020

Forest landscape models (FLMs) can be used to investigate the complex interactions of various ecological processes and patterns, which makes them useful tools to evaluate how environmental and anthropogenic variables can influence forest ecosystems. However, due to the large spatio-temporal scales in FLMs studies, parameterization and validation can be extremely challenging when applying to new study areas. To address this issue, we focused on the parameterization and application of a spatially explicit forest landscape model, LANDIS-II, to Mt. Gyebang, South Korea, with the use of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) and long-term ecological research (LTER) site data. In this study, we present the followings for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II: 1) species-specific and spatial parameters estimation for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II, 2) calibration, and 3) application and validation for Mt. Gyebang. For the biomass succession extension, we selected 14 tree species, and parameterized ecoregion map, initial community map, species growth characteristics. We produced ecoregion map using elevation, aspect, and topographic wetness index based on digital elevation model. Initial community map was produced based on NFI and sub-alpine survey data. Tree species growth parameters, such as aboveground net primary production and maximum aboveground biomass, were estimated from PnET-II model based on species physiological factors and environmental variables. Literature data were used to estimate species physiological factors, such as FolN, SLWmax, HalfSat, growing temperature, and shade tolerance. For calibration and validation purposes, we compared species-specific aboveground biomass of model outputs and NFI and sub-alpine survey data and calculated coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). The final model performed very well, with 0. 98 R² and 8. 9 RMSE. This study can serve as a foundation for the use of FLMs to other applications such as comparing alternative forest management scenarios and natural disturbance effects.