• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-131
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze Foreign Exchange(FX) exposure and FX hedge strategy based on the systems thinking perspective using causal loop diagrams. FX exposure has been a critical issue on a business management. Many studies in Korea have researches on variables which make effects to the company value. This study displays causal loop diagrams(CLDs) on these issues. In order to make CLD more objective, most causalities are articulated from recent 72 studies (1998~2013) of domestic top journals. This approach is valuable in that it is the first try to draw all the causalities from various literature review regarding FX exposure and FX hedge strategy. This study is expected to make a useful and basic material to research the financial issues of corporate, as the first research to dynamically understand FX exposure and FX hedge strategy.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.5-28
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• 2014

국제통상을 하는 기업은 위험 선호도에 따라 금융시장을 통해 외화자산 혹은 외화부채의 헷징(hedging)을 목적으로 파생금융상품을 쉽게 구매할 수 있다. 파생금융상품 시장은 투자와 헷지의 필요에 따라 급속도로 성장해왔다. 기업은 금융 파생금융상품을 통해 환위험 관리를 하면서 위험을 헷징한다. 기초자산을 헷징할 때는 환노출 완화전략으로 헷징이 효과적일 수 있다. 하지만 파생상품을 통한 이익에 대한 욕심과 예상치 못한 환율 변동이 발생할 때 기업에 상당한 위험을 초래할 수도 있다. 본 논문은 환위험을 다루는 파생상품에 내재된 구조적인 위험을 시스템다이내믹스 관점에서 분석하고 있다. 대표적인 파생금융상품인 KIKO는 구조적인 위험 요인 때문에 금융위기에 크나 큰 손실을 끼쳤다. 본 논문에서는 KIKO의 구조적 위험 요인을 모델링하고 실제 사례를 통해 검증하여 파생금융상품의 시스템 구조를 파악하고 내재되어 있는 구조적 위험을 밝혔다.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper tests the effect of the structure of manufacturing and marketing subsidiary network on FX exposure of Korean MNEs. Furthermore, the moderating effect of pass-through ability on the relationship between the subsidiary network and FX exposure is explored. Research design and methodology - This study utilizes a sample of 309 Korean MNEs constructed from database offered by KOTRA and KIS-VALUE. Results - As operational flexibility arising from having operations in multiple locations provides an option for firms to tackle FX exposure, greater breadth of manufacturing subsidiary network reduces FX exposure, and greater depth increases FX exposure. However, both the breadth and depth of marketing subsidiary network decrease FX exposure due to the firm's higher level of market presence and knowledge to devise an appropriate marketing strategy that can buffer adverse exchange rate movement. Such an effect is intensified when MNE's have FX exposure pass-through ability stemming from differentiated good. Conclusions - Empirical findings suggest that types and structure of Korean MNEs' foreign subsidiary network are closely related to the level of FX exposure they are experiencing. Also, they can utilize marketing subsidiary network more efficiently when having a higher R&D intensity.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.103-120
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• 2022

This paper studies the possibility of options as an instrument for central bank to intervene foreign exchange market. As opposed to spot transaction or forward transaction, which impacts spot exchange rate only once, currency options can continuously resist a directional speculative pressure on spot market due to the dynamic delta hedging of OTC currency options market maker. This research also analyzes whether and how central banks can use currency options to lower exchange rate volatility and maintain (implicit) target zones in foreign exchange markets. It argues that short position rather than long position in options will result in market makers dynamically hedging their long option exposure in a stabilizing manner, consistent with the first objective. Selling a "Strangle" allows a central bank to increase the credibility of its commitment to a target zone, and could have a lower expected cost than spot market interventions. However, this strategy also exposes the central bank to an unlimited loss potential. Therefore these kinds of intervention strategies must be used in the short run and temporarily.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.31-64
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 국내 코스피 및 코스닥의 비금융 상장사를 대상으로 2000년부터 2008년까지 분기별 현금흐름에 반영된 달러화, 유로화, 엔화, 위안화 등 주요 외국통화의 단기 환노출을 측정하여 보았다. 현금흐름을 사용할 경우 환율변동이 미치는 단기적인 영향(단기노출)을 장기적인 영향과 분리하여 측정할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 기업의 환헷지는 환율변동이 가져오는 장단기 영향에 대해 차별적인 효과를 미친다는 점을 고려하면 현금흐름으로 측정된 환노출은 기업의 헷지전략에 유용한 정보를 제공한다. 분석 결과, 국내 비금융 상장사는 개별 환율에 대해서는 기존의 연구와 비슷한 결과를 보였으나, 위안화를 제외한 세 개의 환율 전체에 대해서는 30%를 훨씬 웃도는 단기 노출비중을 보였다. 단기 환노출은 헷지가 비교적 쉽다는 점을 고려하면 위의 결과는 국내 기업이 환위험 관리에 취약함을 나타낸다. 또한 코스닥 기업이 코스피 기업에 비해 유의적으로 더 높은 노출 수준으로 보여, 코스닥 기업의 환위험 관리가 더욱 허술함을 알 수 있다. 한편 기존의 연구와는 달리, 영업이익으로 측정된 현금흐름의 환노출 부호는 양으로 나타나 국내 기업의 경영현실을 주가보다는 단기 현금흐름이 더욱 잘 반영하였다. 또한 위안화를 제외한 환율-기업 표본을 가지고 분석한 결과, 규모 및 부채비율은 환노출 수준에 대해 유의적인 설명력을 갖는데 반해 수출비중은 설명력이 없었다.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the effect of MNEs' characteristics on the use of foreign currency denominated debt in the context of Korean firms. This study examines the relationship between MNEs and the use of foreign debt focusing on the accessibility to the capital market in addition to the motive of hedging against foreign exchange exposure. Research design and methodology - Probit estimation is employed for estimating significant factors in determination of the use of foreign debt by firms. The dependent variable is a dummy variable to indicate whether a firm uses foreign debt or not at the end of 2004. Independent variables include foreign subsidiaries ratio, export to sale, R&D expenditure to sale, and credit rating. Results - The results show that the interaction between the level of internationalization represented by intra-regional diversification and the strategic characteristics embedded in the region of entry affects the use of foreign debt. In case of a high level of diversification within the developing region with a strong pursuit of asset exploitation, MNEs are more likely to use foreign debt, whereas a high level of diversification within the developed region with a strong pursuit of asset seeking, MNEs are less likely to use foreign debt. Conclusions - The differences between MNEs in terms of intra-regional diversification, strategic orientation, and the accessibility to capital markets as well as the hedging motive affect the use of foreign debt.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.45-62
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• 2022

Purpose - Using unexpected changes in geopolitical tensions on the Korean peninsula as a quasi-natural experimental setting, we examine whether and how geopolitical risks travel across borders through firm-level imports and exports linkages. We also test whether the effects are driven by either imports or exports and assess whether firms can effectively hedge themselves against geopolitical risks. Design/methodology - We focus on a series of unanticipated geopolitical events taken place in Korea in 2018. Making use of the shocks to geopolitical climate, we identify five milestone events toward peace talks. We employ the event studies methodology. We examine heterogenous firm-level stock price reactions around key event dates depending on firms' exposure to geopolitical risks. As a measure of firms' exposure to geopolitical risks in Korea, we utilize a text-based measure of firm-level trade links. When a firm announces and discusses its purchase of inputs from Korea or sales of outputs to Korea in their annual disclosure filings, we define a firm to have a trade relationship with Korea and have exposure to Korean geopolitical risks. Similarly, we use a measure of a firm's hedging policies based on a firm's textual mention of the use of foreign exchange derivatives in their annual disclosure. Findings - We find that U.S. firms that have direct trade links to Korea gained significantly more value when the intensity of geopolitical risks drops compared to firms without such trade links to Korea. The effects are pronounced for firms purchasing inputs from or selling outputs to Korea. We find that the effectiveness of foreign exchange hedging against geopolitical risks is limited. Originality/value - We document the international transmission of geopolitical uncertainty through trade linkages. Export links as well as import links serve as important nexus of transmission of geopolitical risks across borders. Hedging strategies involving foreign-exchanges derivatives do not seem to insulate firms again geopolitical risks. With the recent movements of localization and reshuffling of the global value chain, our results suggest a significant impact of geopolitical risks in Korea on the construction of the global value chain.