• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-75
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• 1992

At the outset of import liberalization, most economists expected a significant drop in the prices of domestic goods that faced foreign competition. However, it is now generally acknowledge that a significant drop in prices of those goods has not occurred. A common claim is that the prices did not drop significantly because the major importers of many imported goods were also the domestic producers of competing goods. The objective of this paper is to analyze the welfare effect of importation by domestic firms that produce competing goods, to identify the factors that facilitate such business practices, and to formulate a policy that could improve the welfare. We proved that importation by competing domestic firms definitely raises the prices of both imported and domestic goods compared to the situation where foreign goods are imported by non-producers, ceteris paribus. The intuition behind this result is that since a producer-importer is essentially a cartel, its overall profit maximization requires reduced competition between the products that it sells. On the other hand, if a producer-importer is more efficient at distrinbution than a simple importer, the comparison between the two cases is a priori indeterminate. We also find that the industries in which domestic producers are actively involved in importing competing goods are the ones in which the distribution channels are tightly controlled by importer-producers. This finding suggests that exclusive dealing contracts, which work as an entry barrier, may be the source of importing by domestic producers. We argue that in a country such as Korea, where financial market is highly incomplete, tight control of the distribution channels by oligopolistic manufacturers is likely to be an effective entry barrier that leads to importing by domestic producers of similar goods. We further argue that seemingly superior distribution costs of importer-producers is likely to be a result of market foreclosure which would disappear once the entry barrier of exclusive dealing contracts is removed. Above findings suggest that market imperfections are the source of importation by domestic competitors, which in turn constitutes a market imperfection in itself and reduces consumer welfare. As potential remedies, we considered three alternatives; direct price control by the government over the imported goods sold by major domestic producers, regulation of trade itself between major producers, and regulation of exclusive dealing contracts. For reasons both theoretical and pratical, we find that the last alternative is the most attrative. Prohibiting exclusive contracts between manufacturers and dealers in industries where exclusive dealing contracts are a significant entry barrier is expected to break up the importer-producer cartel and improve the welfare.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.79-106
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• 2011

The cultural contents industries have moved closer to the centre of the economic action in many countries and across much of the world. For this reason, the concern with the development of glocal cultural contents has also been growing. According to Goldman Sock's BRICs report, Indian economy will be the engine of global economy with China. In addition, India will be a new blue chip country for large consumer market of cultual contents. The most important point for the development of glocal cultural contents is a systematic and in-depth analysis of other culture. India is a complex and multicultural country compared with Korea which is a nation-state. Therefore, this paper is intended as an understanding about India appropriately and suggestion for a strategy to enter cultural industry in India. As the purpose of this paper is concerned, we will take a close look at 9 Indian culture codes which can be classified into three main groups: 1) political, social and cultural codes 2) economic codes 3) cultural contents codes. Firstly, political, social and cultural codes are i) consistent democracy and saving common people, ii) authoritarianism which appears an innate respect for authority of India, iii) Collective-individualism which represents collectivist and individualistic tendency, iv) life-religion, v) carpe diem. Secondly, economic culture codes are vi) 1.2billion Indian people's God which represents money and vii) practical purchase which stands for a reasonable choice of buying products. Lastly, viii) Masala movie and ix) happy ending that is the most popular theme of Masala movies are explained in the context of cultural content codes. In conclusion, 3 interesting cases , , will be examined in detail. From what has been discussed above, we suggest oversea expansion strategy based on these case studies. Eventually, what is important is to understand what Indian society is, how Indian society works and what contents Indian prefers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ is a commercialized set composed of prefabricated hydroxylapatite implants and shims of various sizes which are specially designed for the type I thyroplasty. Even though a previously published preliminary report showed that $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ is a convenient and safe product for the type I thyroplasty, further investigations or experiences are yet to be reported. Authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of $VoCoM^{\circledR}$type I thyroplasty, and its advantage and/or disadvantage. Materials and Method : Twenty three consecutive patients with unilateral vocal cord palsy enrolled for the study, who received type I thyroplasty with $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ between July 2001 and June 2003. Acoustic, aerodynamic and stoboscopic analyses were performed prior to surgery and 1 to 3 months after surgery. Speech language pathologists evaluated their voice quality by GRBAS scale, and patients themselves reported subjective changes of their voice by visual analog scale. Results : The average time for the operation was 80 min, which is about 30 min less than other methods. Preoperative jitter was 3.25$\pm$1.65% and improved to 1.94$\pm$1.79% postoperatively (p<0.05). Preoperative shimmer was 9.72$\pm$6.56% and improved to 5.61 $\pm$3.76% (p<0.05), Maximal phonation time increased from 4.41$\pm$2.99 to 7.98$\pm$4.35 sec (p<0.05) The postoperative stroboscopy revealed an effective medialization in 91.3% of the patients. The subjective phonetic improvements were reported in 21 out of 23 patients. GRBAS scale improved from 2.71$\pm$0.46 to 1.47$\pm$1.12(p<0.05). Additional medialization with $Gore-Tex^{\circledR}$ was easily performed in two revision cases. Previously inserted $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ implant was hard to remove because of the tight integration of soft tissues around the implant. Side effects such as extrusion or foreign body reaction are not observed. $VoCoM^{\circledR}$ was relatively expensive and costed more than 10 times of $Gore-Tex^{\circledR}$. Conclusion : Prefabricated hydroxylapatitie implant($VoCoM^{\circledR}$) provides a convenient, safe and efficient way of vocal fold medialization. However it is relatively expensive and hard to remove.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.531-540
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• 2008

This study, based on the college life style and the courage to make that the purpose of the design process of finding out the correlation. Chinese students study the life style can be categorized into 4 kinds. The courage to top a crowded bottom with a broad form of courage prefer to be brought down, getting smaller and smaller. Regular and relevant inclination stores are independent of trust. 2 as a whole are crowded with smooth curves and the courage to the asymmetric shape is preferred. Active investment, emphasis on foreign languages, tends to prefer shopping on the Internet were related.3 outstanding courage, just a little crowded in the cylindrical form is preferred. Trust the big stores, stores see the taste, his taste for products that are relevant to the tendency of pursuing said. 4, a lot of the colony gradient technique Protruding prefer to be in the form of courage. Home will, that tends to emphasize the brand and design were related. Home will, that tends to emphasize the brand and design were related. To recap the contents of the consumer lifestyle, based on the characteristics of their favorite cosmetics containers vary designs. Different forms, depending on their courage to feel emotions that can see the image. Therefore, the design in courage cosmetics on the characteristics of these granular for consumer research, the granular form of product research and the relationship between the elements in their care are made. The marketing strategy is in the consumer market, but needs more fine-grained analysis methods that can tell people.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.31-63
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• 2015

This research was based on the investigation of the awarenesses of librarians of issues regarding the privacy of the users of school libraries. It sought to determine if, by raising the issue of the importance of the need for the protection of the personal information of the users of the school libraries, and the implications of not paying attention to the rules in effect, the awareness regarding the privacy of the users of school libraries would be improved. For this, previous research related to the privacy of the students, the legal basis for the protection of the privacy of the domestic and foreign students, and the types of the infringements upon the protection of their personal information were investigated. A survey was conducted to measure the awareness of issues related to the privacy of the users of the library. The research showed the results as follows: First, the awarenesses regarding the privacy of the users of the school libraries appeared low, and low recognition was also found regarding the awareness of the cases of the infringements upon the privacy of the users of the school libraries; regarding the awareness in relation to the protection of privacy; regarding the seriousness of the privacy problems of the users; and regarding the factors that can encroach upon the privacy of the users. Second, regarding the seriousness felt when the library records of the users of the school libraries are leaked to the outside, 41.6% of the respondents responded by saying "It is serious", and 18.4% responded by saying "It is not serious". Third, as a result of investigating the awareness regarding whether the consent of the person concerned is needed in case a third party requests access to reading the records in the library, 68.5% of the respondent responded "It is needed", and only 10.4% responded "It is not needed". Last, in the investigation into whether the respondents had the experience of being educated as to the rules related to the privacy of the users at a school or an external organization, over 80% of the respondents answered that they did not receive it.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

This research aims to build a total information system that systematizes existing sporadic information, which may lead to revitalization and efficiency of overseas urban development. To achieve this, this study firstly analyses the current information systems for urban development in foreign countries and information from the private sector. The results show that the information system that operates in the domestic agencies, are less likely to involve the contents related to information sharing, social network building and business process. However, that used in agencies ordering the overseas urban development projects, mostly provides the information of professionals, project participants and their business. Second, this research selects the information to be provided by the integrated information system and proposes a data collection plan. The information, required to push forward urban development in abroad, is classified into seven categories. Third, this study establishes a target model of comprehensive information system and makes suggestions for institutional improvement. For doing this, it categorizes overseas urban development information, links to classified information, organizes the system into three stages to services through informational channels, and then suggests a target model. Furthermore, it proposes institutional improvement to achieve efficiency of information systems through a comprehensive review of the similar cases such as administrative system of architecture(Seumter) and land information system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2491-2502
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• 2014

The main objective of this study is to find out the main fields and methods to create a low carbon green city. Through the findings, we hope to figure out the matters that must be focused on in order to realize a low carbon green city. In order to accomplish this, we organized the main fields and methods of fulfilling this accomplishment by taking a look at recorded documents and past studies related to the creation of low carbon green cities and related concepts. Then a FGI analysis was performed in order to examine suitability and deduct a planning technique. Also, through professional surveys and AHP analysis, we figured out the importance of planning techniques to understand the main characteristics of planning a low carbon green city. We also selected domestic and foreign cases, analysed the actual conditions of applying the deducted planning techniques, and compared the importance of planning techniques in order to see the difference between our plans and real results. 15 planning techniques were deducted and divided into 5 groups. The importance analysis and case analysis showed the following to be the main elements in planning the creation of a low carbon green city: compact high-density development, a traffic system revolving around pedestrians, active utilization of new and renewable energy, and establishment of a recycling system for waste.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.885-892
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• 2012

Coastal zone management indicators are being used as an important means of decision making in the process of policy establishment for integrated coastal management and implementation, and these indicators are very useful tools that enable the evaluation of the coastal zone management from an integrated perspective, the understanding and analysis of interactions according to each department. Accordingly, most of organizations in international society and advanced coastal states tend to develop coastal zone management indicator system in order to check current coastal environment, social and economic status, also to grasp effectiveness of the coastal zone management policy. In this research, therefore, the characteristics of coastal zone management indicator system was drawn through understanding of strength and weakness, and conducting comparative analysis of the coastal zone management indicator system according to each level having classified domestic and international coastal zone management indicator system into three aspects at large: natural and environmental aspect; social and economic aspect; and network aspect. As a result, following features were drawn as the common characteristics among the cases in the advanced coastal states: the management means for realization of sustainable coastal zone management; scientific decision making tools for various stakeholders; evaluation means for effectiveness of coastal zone integrated management; and dualization of coastal zone management indicator system; etc. Lastly, based on these common values revealed in the domestic and international coastal management indicator system, a suggestion for correct establishment of the domestic coastal management indicators was proposed in the regional aspect.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.93-120
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• 2010

In 1978, Chinese reform and opening caused a big changes in Chinese labor relationship. Through reforming and opening, China gave up part of state ownership system and group ownership system, permitted private ownership system, and also opened the way for capitalists to ride again. Since China was established, the labor relationship ceased for 30 years has been appeared. However because the top priority aim of China's reform was economic growth, the protection of the rights and interests of labor was pushed back on the policy priority list. China takes foreign capitals based on cheap labor force quickly and China come up the worldwide plants. Since reformed, China keeps an economic growth rate of 9.7% annually for 30years. This economic growth is based on labor's sacrifice. However, Chinese fast economic growth causes side effects such as increasement of the gap between the wealthy and the poor, increasement of unbalanced development between regions, and the increasement of conflict between labor and management. Especially, according to changes in labors' level of consciousness, the labors recognized that their rights and interests are exploited by employers. Therefore, the labor dispute is continuously increasing. Chinese government changes their policy from the policy focusing on enterprise development to the policy protecting labor's rights and interests. In order to protect labor's rights and interests, China conducts labor contract law and labor dispute conciliation arbitration law in 2008. This kind of changes in Chinese labor environment affect a lot to Korean companies which already entered into China or are willing to enter. According to studying on present situation and resolution system in Chinese labor dispute, this paper suggests the proper countermeasure related to labor dispute of Korean companies which entered in China. First, the success rate of labor dispute conciliation by enterprise labor dispute conciliation committee is around 20% during recent several years and the success rate by year is in decline. Therefore, when labor dispute is occurred, our companies which entered into China better use other labor dispute methods such as negotiation and arbitration than conciliation in order to settle a conflict. Second, from the Korean enterprises entered in China point of view, there exists a problem not to sue except special cases which provided in the law even though they are dissatisfied with arbitrate judgment. Thus, when labor dispute occurred, Korean enterprises try to do best to settle the dispute through negotiation. However, in case of that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation, they have to attend in the arbitration as if it is a last chance. Third, Korean enterprises keep in mind that dispute handling procedures between labor union and users or between labor group and users are different, and then deal with separately. Thus, dispute between labor and users have to follow arbitrate procedures as a necessary procedure, but in case of dispute related to group contract, namely dispute against labor union, labor dispute can be settled by arbitrate or suit, so after figuring out the situation exactly, it is necessary to select more advantageous way in order to settle the dispute. Moreover, in case of the dispute between labor union, they have to keep in mind that conciliation procedures cannot be used.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.143-164
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• 2016

PICC are dealing with form requirements of international commercial contract under writings in confirmation, conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, contract with terms deliberately left open, merger clauses, modification in a particular form. If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form. If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence. A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing. A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated.