• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1062-1062
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• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2021

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time and formic acid (FA) on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled with four levels of FA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of fresh weight) for 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d. At each time point, the silos were opened and sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. Meanwhile, the fresh and 60-d ensiled rice straw were further subjected to in vitro analyses. Results: The results showed that 0.2% and 0.6% FA both produced well-preserved silages with low pH value and undetected butyric acid, whereas it was converse for 0.4% FA. The populations of enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and aerobic bacteria were suppressed by 0.2% and 0.6% FA, resulting in lower dry matter loss, ammonia nitrogen and ethanol content (p<0.05). The increase of FA linearly (p<0.001) decreased neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, linearly (p<0.001) increased residual water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose and xylose. The in vitro gas production of rice straw was decreased by ensilage but the initial gas production rate was increased, and further improved by FA application (p<0.05). No obvious difference of FA application on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The 0.2% FA application level promoted lactic acid fermentation while 0.6% FA restricted all microbial fermentation of rice straw silages. Rice straw ensiled with 0.2% FA or 0.6% FA improved its nutrient preservation without affecting digestion, with the 0.6% FA level best.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 1985

임목(林木)과 초사료생산(草飼料生産)이라는 측면에서 임간초지개발(林間草地開發)은 우리 나라에서 중요한 과제라 할 수 있다. 본(本) 시험(試驗)은 임간혼파초지(林間混播草地)에서 생산성향상(生産性向上)과 이용기간연장(利用期間延長)을 위한 적정시비수준(適正施肥水準)을 구명(究明)하고자 수령((樹齡) $10{\sim}15$년간(年間) 소나무지대(차광정도(遮光程度) $40{\sim}50%$)에서 질소, 인산, 칼리비료의 수준을 달리한 13가지 시비수준(施肥水準)을 난괴법으로 배치하여 목초의 생육특성, 엽록소함량, 재생과 건물수량 등을 조사하였다. 1984년(年) 수원 근교 임간지에서 수행된 시험(試驗)의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 초고(草高)와 목초피복율(牧草被覆率)은 대체로 표준비 이상의 질소시비구에서 높았으며, 3 요소 무비구와 질소무비구에서 가장 부족(不足)하였고, 최종예취후 나지율(裸地率) 질소수준이 낮을 때 높았다. 2 엽신(葉身)의 엽록색도(葉綠色度)와 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)은 질소수준이 표준비 이상인 구에서 높았으며 3요소 무비구와 질소무비구에서 가장 낮았다. 엽부패도(葉腐敗度)와 초형(草型)은 질소수준이 높을 때 불량(不良)해지는 경향을 보였다. 3 1차(次) 예취후(刈取後) 목초(牧草)의 시기별(時期別) 재생력(再生力)은 표준비이상의 질소시용구에서 양호(良好)하였으며, 3요소무비구와 질소무비구는 재생초장(再生草長)과 재생건물중(再生乾物重) 증가속도가 가장 불량(不良)하였다.4. 목초(牧草)의 건물수량(乾物收量)은 질소수준이 표준비 이상인 구에서 많았으며 3 요소무비구와 질소무비구에서 가장 적었다(P<0.05). 본 시험에서 표준비구, 3요소 50% 증비구 및 질소 50% 증비구에서 높은 수량(收量)을 기대할 수 있었으며 세 처리간 유의차는 없었다. 5 목초(牧草)의 생육(生育), 재생(再生) 및 수량(收量)은 3요소 비료중 질소시용에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받았으며 인산과 칼리비료의 영향은 작았다. 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 수량(收量)위주로 볼 때 임간초지(林間草地)의 적정시비수준(適正施肥水準)은 자연광조건(自然光條件)의 일반초지(一般草地)와 마찬가지로 표준비($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=28-20-24kg/10a$)시용인 것으로 나타났으나 경제성을 고려할 때 10a당 질소는 $20{\sim}28kg$, 인산 $10{\sim}15kg$, 칼리 $12{\sim}18kg$이 적합하다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1705-1714
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• 2019

Objective: Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods: In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle ($224{\pm}24.7kg$) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial, consisting of 32% timothy-68% HS, 24% timothy-76% HF, 24% ryegrass-76% HS, and 17% ryegrass-83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results: The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy-HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2009

본 연구는 옥수수 재배지에서 경운방법과 가축분뇨의 시용이 사료용 옥수수의 생산성 및 질소의 용탈에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 국립축산과학원 초지사료과 시험포장(천안)에서 lysimeter를 이용하여 2008년 4월부터 8월까지 실시하였다. 시험구 배치는 분할구배치법으로 경운방법(경운과 무경운)을 주구로 하였으며, 가축분뇨의 종류(화학비료, 우분퇴비 및 돈분퇴비)를 세구로 하였다. 가축분뇨의 시용은 화학비료구는 표준시용량(N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$)으로 200, 150 및 150kg/ha을 시용하였으며, 우분퇴비와 돈분퇴비의 경우 화학비료구의 질소대비 100%를 전량 기비로 시비하였다. 경운방법에 따른 옥수수의 건물생산성과 뿌리의 무게를 측정한 결과 경운 처리구에서 무경운 처리구보다 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 가축분뇨 시용에 따른 옥수수의 건물생산성은 화학비료 > 우분퇴비 > 돈분퇴비 순으로 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 (p<0.05), 뿌리 무게는 화학비료구와 우분퇴비구에서 돈분퇴비구 보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 가축분뇨 시용에 따른 경직경, 당도는 화학비료구와 우분퇴비구에서 돈분퇴비구 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 옥수수의 생산성과 생육특성에 있어 경운방법과 가축분뇨 시용에 따른 유의적인 교호작용은 나타나지 않았다. 경운방법에 따른 평균 $NO_3$-N의 용탈은 경운 처리구에서 무경운 처리구보다 약간 높았으나, 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 하지만 가축분뇨 시용에 따른 $NO_3$-N의 용탈은 화학비료구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 시험의 결과 사료작물을 재배에서 경운방법이 옥수수의 생산성 및 $NO_3$-N 용탈에 미치는 영향은 크지 않았으며, 화학비료의 질소 대비 100%의 가축분뇨를 시비하였을 경우 용탈되는 $NO_3$-N의 농도가 높지 않아 수질에 미치는 영향이 미미하였다.