• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1436-1442
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• 2014

Preservation of forage crops as silage offers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain-damaged hay in the humid south-central USA. Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage. Silage has been important in the region primarily for dairy production, but baleage has become an option for the more extensive beef cattle industry in the region. Silage samples submitted to the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Forage Quality Lab from 2006 through 2013 were assessed for dry matter (DM) and forage nutritive characteristics of chopped silage and baleage of the different forage types from commercial farms primarily in Louisiana and Mississippi. Of the 1,308 silage samples submitted, 1,065 were annual ryegrass (AR) with small grains (SG), the warm-season annual (WA) grasses, sorghums and pearl millet, and the warm-season perennial (WP) grasses, bermudagrass and bahiagrass, providing the remaining samples. Concentration of DM was used to indicate an effective ensiling opportunity, and AR silage was more frequently within the target DM range than was the WA forage group. The AR samples also indicated a high-quality forage with average crude protein (CP) of 130 g/kg and total digestible nutrient (TDN) near 600 g/kg. The cooler winter weather at harvest apparently complicated harvest of SG silage with chopped SG silage lower in both CP and TDN (104 and 553 g/kg, respectively) than either AR silage or baleage of SG (137 and 624 g/kg for CP and TDN, respectively). The hot, humid summer weather along with large stems and large forage quantities of the WA grasses and the inherently higher fiber concentration of WP grasses at harvest stage indicate that preservation of these forage types as silage will be challenging, although successful commercial silage samples of each forage type and preservation approach were included among samples of silages produced in the region.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

The goats raised in the barn are usually fed on fresh grass. As dry forage can be stored for long periods in large amounts, dry forage feeding makes it possible to feed large numbers of goats in barns. This review explains the physiological factors involved in suppressing dry forage intake and the cause of drinking following dry forage feeding. Ruminants consume an enormous amount of dry forage in a short time. Eating rates of dry forage rapidly decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and subsequently declined gradually to low states in the remaining time of the feeding period. Saliva in large-type goats is secreted in large volume during the first hour after the commencement of dry forage feeding. It was elucidated that the marked suppression of dry forage intake during the first hour was caused by a feeding-induced hypovolemia and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ due to excessive salivation during the initial stages of dry forage feeding. On the other hand, it was indicated that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period was related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding. In addition, results indicate that the marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding. After 40 min of the 2 h dry forage feeding period, the feed salt content is absorbed into the rumen and plasma osmolality increases. The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.6% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality are the main physiological factors in suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats. There was very little drinking behavior observed during the first hour of the 2 h feeding period most water consumption occurring in the second hour. The cause of this thirst sensation during the second hour of dry forage feeding period was not hypovolemia brought about by excessive salivation, but rather increases in plasma osmolality due to the ruminal absorption of salt from the consumed feed. This suggests the water intake following dry forage feeding is determined by the level of salt content in the feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.692-696
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• 1998

An experiment was conducted with eight growing sheep (average initial weight 20.6 kg and average final weight 23.7 kg) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study the effect of type of forage supplementation to a basal diet of rice straw (ad libitum) and cassava (Manihot esculanta, approximately 9 g of dry matter $(DM).kg^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) on voluntary intake, digestion, rumen microbial protein synthesis and daily weight gain. Forages used were Leucaena (L, Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricidia (G, Gliricidia maculata) and Tithonia (T, Tithonia diversifolia, wild sunflower) at a DM supplementation level of approximately $13g.kg^{-0.75}.day^{-1}$. Organic matter intake was 40.4, 55.5, 55.0 and $54.9g{\cdot}kg.^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$ for control (C, ad libitum straw and cassava), L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the supplemented diets. Intake of supplementary forage had also a significantly positive effect on voluntary rice straw intake. All forage supplemented diets showed a significantly higher whole diet organic matter digestion than C ($488g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), while T ($557g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) differed significantly from L ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) but not from G ($526g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Daily weight gain was -1.7, 5.2, 5.4 and $4.7g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$, for C, L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the forage-supplemented diets. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives was lower for C (3.8 g microbial N. (kg digestible organic matter intake $(DOMI))^{-1}$ than for the forage supplemented diets (11.3, 9.0 and 9.4 g microbial $N.(kg\;DOMI)^{-1}$ for L, G and T. respectively).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2009

경운방법과 비료종류를 달리하였을때 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사료수량과 품질을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 시험은 $2{\times}2=4$ 요인시험으로 경운방법은 관행(경운과 로터리)과 무경을 두었으며, 비료종류는 화학비료와 퇴비를 두었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 초장, 건물률, 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량은 경운방법에서 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히 무경운이 관행경운(경운+로터리)보다 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량이 많았다. 그러나 비료의 종류에서는 처리간의 사초 생산성의 차이가 없었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 조단백질 함량은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 한편 ADF 및 NDF 함량에서는 무경운이 경운보다 많았으나 TDN 및 RFV 함량은 경운이 무경운보다 높았다. 비료의 종류에서 ADF 함량은 퇴비구가 높았으나 TDN 함량은 화학비료가 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 경운방법은 무경운이 관행경운보다 수량은 많으나 품질은 낮았다. 한편 비료의 종류에서는 사초수량의 차이는 없고 품질 차이도 적었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.27-38
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Festulolium braunii(Festuca pratensis Huds. $\times$ Loliurn mulrijZorum Lam.)as forge sources. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications from Feb. 1995. to Jan. 1996 at Hohenheim university. Main plots consisted of three forage species, Festulolirtrn braunii(Paulita), Lolium multiJomm(Lemtla), and Secale cereale(Halo) and subplots consisted of three maturity, boot, heading, and anthesis. The growth characteristics, DM yields, nutritive value, N and energy balance were observed. The heading date of Festulolium braunii was about two days earlier than that of Loliunz mrtltiflorum, farthermore Fesrulolium braunii retained higher leaf weight ratio(LWR) than other species. Festulolium brarrnii failed to show any significant differences in grass length, number of tillers, LAI, CGR, and DM accumulation when harvested at the same stage of maturity as compare with Loliurn mulriiflorutn or Setale cerede, bur the content of CP, OMD, and mineral elements and NEL value of Festulolium braunii compare to othes were slightly increased(P<0.05), while the content of NDF, ADF, and lignin decreased(P<0.05). The yield of CP was greater for Festulolium braunii than for Lolium multfimm and yields of DOM and NEL per unit area(ha) for Festulolium braunii were greater than for other species(P<0.05). The equivalent or higher DM production and nutritive value are obtained when Festulolium braunii are cut during the period from boot to anthesis stages, therefor DM intake, preference, and N and energy balance were also higher for Festulolirtm braunii compare to for other species. It could be suggested that Lolium multrfirum would be a more suitable substitute to Festuloliron braunii without decreasing forage production and quality, but the substitutive effect of Secale cereale would be difficult because of the maor differences in growth type and period compare to Fesrulolium braunii. From above the results of this experiment it appears that Festulolium braunii have a potential to provide forage sources. but funher research is needed to ascertain their potential under the climate of Korea.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

이 시험은 양질 조사료의 연중생산에 알맞은 각 시기별 국내 육성 귀리 적품종을 선발하기 위해 하파용인 하이스피드, 다크호스, 스완(도입종)과 추파형인 삼한, 동한, 조한 및 내한성이 약한 쌀귀리인 선양, 대양, 조양 등 각각 생태형이 다른 9개 품종을 공시하고 3월부터 11월까지 한 달에 2회씩 파종한 후 유숙기에 수확하여 생육, 조사료 수량성 및 사료가치를 평가하였다. 출현 및 출수소요일은 춘파에서 하파로 갈수록 짧아지다가 하파에서 추파로 갈수록 길어지는 경향이었다. 초장은 파종기가 춘파에서 하파로 갈수록 짧아졌으며, 추파의 경우는 파종기가 빠를수록 초장이 길었다. 생초 및 건물수량은 춘파보다 추파에서 많았으며, 춘파와 추파 모두에서 파종기가 늦어질수록 유의하게 감소하였다. 그리고 각 절기별 생산성으로 볼 때 추파에서는 추파형> 쌀귀리> 하파형 귀리, 춘파에서는 하파형> 쌀귀리> 추파형 귀리, 하파에서는 하파형> 쌀귀리> 추파형 귀리 순으로 수량이 높았다. 조단백질 함량은 춘파인 3월 9일 파종구에서 평균 5.4%로부터 하파인 8월 17일 파종에서 평균 13.5%로 파종기가 여름에 가까워질수록 증가하다가 그 이후 추파에서 10% 수준을 유지하였다. NDF, ADF 및 TDN 함량은 춘파나 추파에 비해 8월 17일과 9월 10일에 파종한 하파구에서 NDF와 ADF 함량이 낮고 TDN 함량이 높은 경향을 보였다. 파종기별 TDN 수량은 10월 12일 추파구에서 780 kg/10a로 가장 높았고, 3월 23일 춘파구에서 627 kg/10a로 그 다음이었으며, 8월 17일 하파구에서 182 kg/10a으로 가장 낮았다. 추파구에서는 10월 12일 파종으로부터 만파할수록 TDN 수량이 감소하였다. 각 절기별로 조사료 생산에 적합한 우수 품종은 춘파의 경우 하이스피드 조양 다크호스 스완, 하파에서는 다크호스 스완 조양 하이스피드, 월동용 파종에서는 삼한 조한 동한이었다. 하파용으로 개발된 다크호스, 하이스피드, 스완 (도입종)과 쌀귀리 품종 조양은 춘파에서도 높은 수량성을 보여 춘파나 하파 등에서 광범위하게 활용할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1174-1183
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• 2010

In goats fed on dry forage twice a day, an esophageal fistula was used to investigate the physiological factors present in the marked suppression of dry forage intake that occurs after 40 min of feeding. The animals used in this study were five large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats. Roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes with any large remaining chunks removed were used as feed for this research. The study was conducted under both normal feeding conditions (NFC) and sham feeding conditions (SFC). In the NFC control, the esophageal fistulae were closed by plugs and the animals ate dry forage in the normal manner. In the SFC treatment, before starting the experiment the plugs for closing the esophageal fistula were removed and the cannulae for collecting boluses were fitted into the fistulae. Therefore, the esophageal boluses were removed via an esophageal fistula before they entered the rumen. In the NFC control, eating rates sharply decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and were subsequently maintained at low levels. However, eating rates in the SFC treatment remained high after 40 min of the feeding period had elapsed and the goats ate continuously during the 2 h feeding period. In comparison with the NFC control ($1,794{\pm}203.80\;g$/2 h), cumulative dry forage intake in the SFC treatment ($3,182{\pm}381.69\;g$/2 h) was 77.4% greater (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. In the SFC treatment, cumulative bolus output ($6,804{\pm}469.92\;g$/2 h) was about twofold the cumulative dry forage intake due to cumulative salivary secretion volume ($3,622{\pm}104.13\;g$/2 h) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The result indicates that large amounts of secreted saliva during dry forage feeding act in conjunction with consumed feed to form the ruminal load responsible for ruminal distension. The increased plasma total protein concentrations were higher in the SFC treatment than in the NFC control. However, plasma and ruminal fluid osmolalities increased in the NFC control during and after feeding but were mostly unchanged in the SFC treatment. In comparison with the NFC control ($3,440{\pm}548.04\;g$/30 min), thirst level in the SFC treatment ($1,360{\pm}467.02\;g$/30 min) was 60.5% significantly less (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the present study indicate that In the second hour of the 2 h feeding period, dry forage intake is regulated by factors produced when boluses enter the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.502-514
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• 2012

When ruminants consume dry forage, they also drink large volumes of water. The objective of this study was to clarify which factor produced when feed boluses enter the rumen is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period in large-type goats fed on dry forage for 2 h twice daily. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. In experiment 1, the water deprivation (WD) control and the water availability (WA) treatment were conducted to compare changes in water intake during and after dry forage feeding. In experiment 2, a normal feeding conditions (NFC) control and a feed bolus removal (FBR) treatment were carried out to investigate whether decrease in circulating plasma volume or increase in plasma osmolality is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. The results of experiment 1 showed that in the WA treatment, small amounts of water were consumed during the first hour of feeding while the majority of water intake was observed during the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. Therefore, the amounts of water consumed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period accounted for 82.8% of the total water intake. The results of experiment 2 indicated that in comparison with the NFC control, decrease in plasma volume in the FBR treatment, which was indicated by increase in hematocrit and plasma total protein concentrations, was higher (p<0.05) in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. However, plasma osmolality in the FBR treatment was lower (p<0.05) than compared to the NFC control from 30 min after the start of feeding. Therefore, thirst level in the FBR treatment was 82.7% less (p<0.01) compared with that in the NFC control upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the study indicate that the increased plasma osmolality in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period is the main physiological stimulating factor of water intake during and after dry forage feeding in large-type goats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2004

본 시험은 혼파조합이 하번초형 혼파초지의 건물수량과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하여 하번초형 혼파초지를 조성하는데 적합한 혼파조합을 찾고자 1998년 9월부터 2001년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시 혼파조합은 tall fescue, kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 3가지 혼파조합을 공시하였으며 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다 1) 3년 평균 ha당 건물수량, 일반화학적 성분, 건물소화율과 조단백질수량(CPDM) 및 가소화건물수량(DDM)은 혼파조합간에차이가 없었다. 2) 2001년도 6회 마지막 예취시 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 혼파조합에서 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass의 식생 비율은 각각 42, 35 및 28%이었고, 전체 초종에서 이들 3초종이 차지하는 식생 비율은 모든 혼파조합에서 84%로 나타나 혼파조합이 식생비율에 미치는 영향은 크지 않았다. 기타 초종 중에서는 redtop(8%)과 creeping bentgrass(6${\sim}$7%)의 식생비율이 낮았으며, 특히 red fescue(1${\sim}$2%)는 매우 낮은 식생비율이 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 혼파조합간에 건물수량과 사료가치 및 식생비율에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었던 것으로 보아, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 어느 혼파조합으로 하번초형 혼파초지를 조성하여도 공익목적과 부수적으로 생산되는 목초를 조사료원으로 활용가능성은 크다고 하겠다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1182-1189
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• 2007

An intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of somatostatin 1-28 (SRIF) was used as a thirst-controlling peptide antagonist to investigate whether or not thirst-controlling peptides are involved in the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding large-type goats on dry forage. A continuous ICV infusion of SRIF was conducted at a small dose of $4{\mu}g$ ml/h for 27 h from day 1 to day 2. Goats (n = 5) were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h twice daily and water was given ad libitum. Feed intake was measured during ICV infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and SRIF. The feed intake during SRIF infusion increased significantly compared to that during ACSF infusion. In comparison to the ACSF treatment, plasma osmolality during the SRIF treatment significantly decreased during the first half of the 2 h feeding period. The factor causing the decrease in plasma osmolality during the ICV infusion of SRIF was a decrease in plasma Na, K, Cl, and Mg concentrations. In comparison to the ACSF infusion treatment, parotid saliva secretion volumes during the 2 h feeding period in the SRIF infusion treatment were significantly larger. While there was no significant difference in cumulative water intake (thirst levels) between the SRIF and the ACSF treatments upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period, based on the plasma osmolality results it is thought that thirst level increases brought about by alfalfa hay cube feeding in the first half of the feeding period were reduced. It is thought that the somatostatin-induced increases in feed intake during the 2 h feeding period in the present experiment were caused by decreases in plasma osmolality brought about by the somatostatin infusion. As a result, it is suggested that the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding in large-type goats given roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, was due to the actions of thirst-controlling peptides.