• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1126-1130
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• 2003

The conditions of measurement for the determination of bulk density were evaluated to assess the bulkiness of 8 kinds of forage. The bulkiness of the forages was determined with 4 different sizes of forage samples with 7 different pressure application under air-dry and wet conditions. The dry bulk density (DBD) curvilinearly regressed with the pressure applied. The particle size of the samples and kinds of forage used in the present study did not affect changes in values of DBD determined under pressures over $20g/cm^2$ up to $200g/cm^2$. The values of the wet bulk density (WBD) increased as an increment of particle size, but were not always regressed on the particle size of the 8 kinds of forage. The DBD determined on 8 mm particles showed a higher correlation coefficient with neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. The DBD may be a useful tool for the assessment of NDF in forage, when it is determined under condition of a pressure of $100g/cm^2$ or over with a particle size of 8 mm. The WBD may not be utilized for the direct measurement of the physical characteristics of forage, but may be required a thorough consideration on water solubility of forages. Further studies are needed to clarify the DBD contribution to the prediction of forage intake by ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.197-199
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of particle size in total mixed ration (TMR) on performance of lactating cows. Three rumen cannulated Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for the metabolic experiment. The particle size of the diets was determined using the Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPSS) and weighing the proportion of sample remaining on the top screen (19 mm diameter). The 3 treatments were short, medium or long diets (4.9, 24.2 and 27.8% of sample remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS, respectively). Nine farms in the Edmonton area were surveyed and the farms were placed into groups based on the particle size of the ration fed. The groups were short ${\leq}6%$, medium 7-12% and long ${\geq}13%$ of sample weight remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS. Dry matter intake was greater (p=0.07) for the medium diet than the long diet in the metabolic study and resulted in a higher (p=0.07) efficiency of milk production. On the commercial farms, a significantly (p=0.002) lower milk fat percentage was observed for the long diet compared to the short diet. The results of these studies confirm that forage particle size influences milk composition and milk fat was negatively correlated to TMR particle size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.396-397
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.483-490
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to measure particle size and evaluate the effect of increasing alfalfa hay particle size on production characteristics in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Ninety multiparous Holstein cows in early to mid-lactation were randomly assigned in a complete randomized design for a 30-day period. Animals were offered one of the three diets, which were identical in energy, protein, and chemical composition, but differed only in particle size of alfalfa hay. The treatments were A) total mixed ration (TMR) in which only fine chopped alfalfa hay was incorporated in the ration, B) the same diet in which half of the alfalfa hay was fine chopped and incorporated in the mixed ration and half was long hay and offered as a top dressing, and C) the same diet with long hay alfalfa offered as a top dressing. Distribution of particle size of rations was determined through 20,000, 8,000 and 1,000 ${\mu}m$ sieves. The new method of quantitative determination of manure index was examined for each cow on different treatments. The geometric mean length of particle size in the rations was 5,666, 9,900 and 11,549 ${\mu}m$ for treatments A, B and C, respectively. Fat corrected milk (4%), milk fat percentage and production were significantly different (p<0.05) in treatment A versus B and C (fat corrected milk (FCM, 4%)) 28.3 vs. 35.2 and 32.3 kg/d, fat percentage 2.89, 4.04 and 3.62; but the change of ration particle size had no significant effect on milk production (p>0.05). Blood concentration of cholesterol in treatment A was significantly higher (p<0.05) than treatment B and C (181.0 vs. 150.0 and 155.2 mg/dl). Manure index in treatment C was significantly different (p<0.05) from treatment B (15.86 vs. 17.67). Based on these experimental findings, it is concluded that an increase in the ration particle size can increase milk fat percentage due to providing more physically effective fiber, which in turn could effect changes in manure consistency.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2014

본 연구는 옥수수 사일리지를 이용하여 TMR 제조 시 배합시간에 따른 물리적 특성(Particle size, peNDF 및 laceration)의 변화를 조사하고, 반추위 내 in situ 건물분해율 및 비유중기 착유우의 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. TMR 시험사료는 동일한 원료를 이용하여 배합시간을 30분(T1구)과 50분(T2구)으로 제조하였다. Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS, 19 mm와 8mm 체)로 분리하여 입자크기의 분포를 분석한 결과 배합 시간이 30분(T1)에서 50분(T2)로 증가함에 따라 하층(<8mm)의 비율이 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.01), $peNDF_{&gt;8.0}$는 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 굵은 비율(${\geq}1mm$) 이 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 반추위 내 in situ 건물 분해율은 모든 배양시간에서 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 24시간 배양에서 T1구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. (p<0.01). 산유량은 처리구간 차이가 없었지만 유지방은 T1이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 본 연구 결과에서 옥수수 사일리지 위주의 TMR 제조 시 배합시간을 단축 조절함으로서 산유량 및 유성분에 대한 부정적 영향 없이 조사료의 물리적 사료가치를 증진하는데 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2005

본 시험은 모래입경의 차이(0.3-0.5, 0.5-0.8, 0.8-1.0, 1.0-1.5 및 1.5-2.0mm)에 따른 한지형 잔디의 식생의 변화를 구명하기 위하여 2004년 3월 21일부터 7월 9일까지 시험하였다. 초장은 모래입경 0.3-0.5mm에서 22.5cm로 커졌으나, 모래입경이 굵어짐에 따라 초장은 점차적으로 작아져서 모래입경 1.5-2.0mm 처리구에서 초장은 19.7cm였다. 근장 및 엽록소 함량은 초장 반응과 비슷한 경향이었다. 엽중과 근중은 모래입경 0.3-0.5mm 처리구에서 각각 1,485kg/10a, 2,182kg/10a로 수량이 증가하였으나, 모래 입경이 굵어짐에 따라 점차적으로 감소하여 1.5-2.0mm 처리구에서 엽중은 1,040kg/10a, 근중은 1,676kg/10a로 수량이 감소하였다. 모래입경이 0.3-0.5mm에서 1.5-2.0mm로 굵어짐에 따라 잔디의 피도는 $98.7\%$에서 $97.0\%$로 낮아졌으나, 잡초의 피도는 $1.3\%$에서 $3.0\%$로 증가되었다. 모래입경이 0.3-0.5mm에서 잔디의 밀도는 $98.8\%$, 잡초의 밀도는 $1.2\%$였으나, 모래입경이 1.5-2.0mm로 증가됨에 따라 잔디의 밀도는 $98.1\%$로 낮아졌고, 잡초의 밀도는 $1.9\%$로 증가되었다. 모래입경이 0.3-0.5mm에서 1.5-2.0mm로 굵어짐에 따라 잡초의 종류는 11종에서 15종으로 증가되었다. 잡초의 우점순위는 0.3-0.5mm와 0.5-0.8mm 모래에서 각각 쇠비름, 토끼풀, 방동사니, 0.8-1.0mm 모래에서 토끼풀, 쇠비름, 여뀌, 1.5-2.0mm 모래에서는 쇠비름, 여뀌, 새포아풀 순위였다. 본 시험결과로 볼 때, 제주지역에서 Creeping bentgrass의 생육에 적합한 모래입경의 크기는 0.3-0.5mm인 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to prove the effect of pig slurry application with charcoal on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), feed value and ammonia (NH₃) emission from maize forage. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control), 2) only pig slurry application (PS), 3) pig slurry application with large particle charcoal (LC), 4) pig slurry application with small particle charcoal (SC). The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha^-1, and the charcoal was applied at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 regardless of the size. To determine the feed value of maize, crude protein, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrient, and relative feed value were investigated. All feed value was increased by charcoal treatment compared to water and PS treatment. Also, the NUE for plant N was significantly higher in charcoal treatments (LC and SC) compared to PS treatment. On the other hand, there is no significant difference for feed value and NUE between LC and SC. The NH₃ emission was significantly reduced 15.2% and 27.9% by LC and SC, respectively, compared to PS. Especially, SC significantly decreased NH₃ emission by 15% compared to LC. The present study clearly showed that charcoal application exhibited positive potential in nitrogen use efficiency, feed value and reducing N losses through NH₃ emission.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1985

사료(飼料)의 해외의존도(海外依存度)가 높은 우리나라의 축산경영농가(畜産經營農家)의 안정적(安定的) 발전방향(發展方向)은 사료(飼料)의 자급율(自給率)을 높이는 것이 매우 중요(重要)한 긴급과제(緊急課題)이다. 따라서 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 축산농가(畜産農家)에서 손쉽게 구(求)할 수 있는 보리와 건초(乾草)를 사용(使用)하여 사료(飼料)의 공급율(供給率)을 증가(增加)시키기 위(爲)한 대책(對策)의 하나로 현재(現在) 우리나라 농촌(農村)에 널리 보급(普及)되어 있는 3.7~7.5 kW 동력경운기(動力耕耘機)로 구동(驅動)이 가능(可能)한 소형사료분쇄기용(小形飼料粉碎機用) 햄머의 설계자료(設計資料)를 제공(提供)하고자 사료분쇄기(飼料粉碎機)의 적정회전수(適定回轉數)인 3,000rpm을 유지(維持)하면서 햄머의 폭(幅)은 20mm, 30mm, 40mm로, 두께를 2mm, 4mm, 6mm로 변화(變化)시키면서 성능실험(性能實驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 공시재료(供試材料)는 보리와 건초(乾草)를 사용(使用)하고, 스크린은 구멍크기가 보리 4.76mm, 건초(乾草) 3.18mm인 것을 사용(使用)하여 분쇄성능실험(粉碎性能實驗)을 실시(實施)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 시료(試料)를 분쇄(粉碎)한 결과(結果), 입자(粒子)크기는 보리 478~774 micron, 건초(乾草) 350~434 micron으로 햄머의 두께와 폭(幅)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소(減少)하였다. 2. 분쇄물(粉碎物)의 조도계수(組度係數)는 보리 3.07~3.62. 건초(乾草) 2.69~2.93으로 햄머의 두께와 폭(幅)에 반비례(反比例)하였다. 3. 시료(試料) 분쇄시(粉碎時) 소요동력(所要動力)은 보리 3.8~5.0 kW, 건초(乾草) 0.9~1.4 kW로 햄머의 폭(幅)보다는 두께가 더 크게 영향(影響)을 미치는 것으로 분석(分析)되었다. 4. 소형사료분쇄기(小形飼料粉碎機)의 분쇄성능(粉碎性能)은 보리 99~170 kg/kW.h, 건초(乾草) 11~21 kg/kW.h이며, 햄머의 두께가 큰 영향(影響)을 마치는 인자(因子)로서 두께가 증가(增加)할 수록 분쇄성능(粉碎性能)은 감소(減少)하나 조도계수(粗度係數) 3.2 범위(範圍)에서는 두께 4mm가 가장 양호(良好)하였다. 햄머의 폭(幅)은 소형사료분쇄기용(小形飼料粉碎機用)으로는 30mm가 적정치(適正値)인 것으로 나타났다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2023

Objective: Recently, indigenous Korean grass Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQ) has garnered much interest as a roughage source for livestock to mitigate its adverse effects on habitat diversity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation, palatability, and nutrient digestibility of SQ for Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo) using in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo feeding trials. Methods: Using in vitro tests with rumen fluid as the inoculum for 48 h, ruminal fermentation of SQ was evaluated and compared with that of other roughage sources commonly used in Korea (i.e., rice straw, Timothy hay, and Italian ryegrass [IRG]). Additionally, an in situ trial 96 h was performed using three cannulated Hanwoo steers. Further, an in vivo trial was performed using eight Hanwoo steers to compare the palatability of SQ with rice straw in total mixed ration (TMR) and forage-concentrate separate feeding conditions. Finally, an in vivo digestibility trial of SQ fed as TMR of two particle sizes was performed with four Hanwoo steers. Results: In vitro and in situ trials revealed that SQ was comparable or superior to rice straw in terms of the ruminal fermentation characteristics of pH, gas production, total volatile fatty acid content, and effective ruminal dry matter digestibility (DMD), although its fermentability was lower than that of Timothy hay and IRG. In the palatability test, steers showed a greater preference for SQ when given as TMR. The total tract DMD of SQ fed as TMR was 75.9%±1.37%, and it did not differ by particle size. Conclusion: The feed value of SQ as a roughage source for Hanwoo steers is comparable or superior to that of rice straw, particularly when provided as TMR.