• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.1069-1085
• /
• 2011

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to clarify whether or not increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding suppress dry forage intake. Eight large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 3 to 6 years, weighing $72.3{\pm}2.74$ kg) were used in two experiments conducted under sham feeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 h during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in the control replenished saliva lost via the esophageal fistula and an intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution (RIHS) in the treatment was carried out in order to reproduce the effects of changing salt content due to feed entering the rumen. In experiment 2, the RIHS control was conducted in the same manner as the RIHS treatment of experiment 1. The treatment group consisted of RIHS-with an intravenous infusion of artificial mixed saliva (VIAMS) treatment that was carried out for 3 h to prevent increases in plasma osmolality during feeding. The results of the RIHS treatment in experiment 1 showed that ruminal fluid osmolality increased and then an increase in plasma osmolality was observed. This resulted in the production of thirst sensations and the reduction of cumulative dry forage intake to 43.3% (p<0.05) of the RIAPS control. The results of the RIHS-VIAMS treatment in experiment 2 indicated that ruminal fluid osmolality was the same as the RIHS control but plasma osmolality significantly decreased, and thirst level was markedly reduced. This caused a significant increase of 31.4% (p<0.05) in cumulative dry forage intake in the RIHS-VIAMS treatment compared to the RIHS control. These results indicate that increases in ruminal fluid osmolality during dry forage feeding indirectly suppresses dry forage intake by causing an increase in plasma osmolality and subsequently inducing thirst sensations. The results of the present study suggest that marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.553-557
• /
• 2014

The steady increase in livestock industry has greatly required the stable production of food and forage crops. As an alternative, rice-forage cropping system has been attempted in several southern areas. The present study was performed to understand whether an application of cattle-manure compost affects soil chemical properties and crop productivity in rice-forage cropping system, rice ${\rightarrow}$ summer oat ${\rightarrow}$ rye, in Jangheong county, south Jeolla province from 2013 to 2014. Treatments was composed of control (no compost), CM1 (compost application before rice transplanting), and CM2 (two-times compost application, before rice transplanting and after rice harvest), and inorganic fertilizers (N, P, and K) were equally dressed in all plots. Yields of rice were not significantly different between treatments, however, oat production was 1.25-fold higher in CM1 and CM2. Nutrient uptake amounts of rye were higher in CM2 than CM1 and control. Total nitrogen in soil was maintained stable level during crop cultivation. And soil organic matter contents in all treatments were increased by crop residue. Available P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K were increased by cattle manure application. Therefore, it suggested that the amount of nutrient by forage crop residue should be considered in rice-forage multiple cultivation.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.124-128
• /
• 2016

본 시험은 고랭지 표고 800 m에서 채초용 목초에 적합한 시비수준 및 예취횟수를 결정할 목적으로 시비수준 및 예취횟수가 목초의 식생구성, 건물수량 및 사료성분에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 시험은 표고 800 m인 고령지시험장(현 고령지농업연구센터)에서 3년간 실시하였다. 시험구는 주구를 예취횟수로 하여 2회 및 3회, 세구를 시비수준으로 하여 관행시비구(질소-인산-칼리, 280-200-240 kg/ha) 및 소비구(질소-인산-칼리, 200-200-200kg/ha)로 두었다. 혼파조합 및 파종량(kg/ha)은 Orchardgrass 18, Tall fescue 9, Timothy 8, Kentucky bluegrass 3 및 Ladino Clover 2로 전체 파종량은 40 kg/ha이었다. 예취횟수 및 시비수준 간 목초의 식생구성비율은 처리에 관계없이 화본과 목초가 93.2~95.3%로 화본과목초 우점의 초지였다. 예취횟수 간 평균건물수량은 2회예취구 9.8 ton/ha 및 3회예취구 8.6 ton/ha로 처리 간에 유의성은 없었으나(p>0.05) 2회예취구가 높은 경향을 보였다. 시비수준 간 평균건물수량은 관행시비구 9.8 ton/ha 및 소비구 8.7 ton/ha로 관행시비구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 예취횟수 간 사료성분에서 조단백질함량은 2회예취구와 3회예취구 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 3회예취구에서 높은 경향이었다. 반면 조섬유함량은 2회예취구와 3회예취구 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 2회예취구에서 높은 경향이었다. 시비수준 간 사료성분은 2회예취 및 3회예취 공히 조단백질, 조지방, 조섬유 및 유기물함량에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 대관령지역 표고 800 m에서 목초의 적정 예취횟수 및 시비수준은 건물수량면에서 각각 2회예취 및 관행시비구(질소-인산-칼리, 280-200-240kg/ha)가 적당하다고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권11호
• /
• pp.1582-1588
• /
• 2005

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of silage additives on the fermentation qualities and residual mono- and disaccharides composition of silages. Forage Oats (Avena sativa L.) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were ensiled with glucose, sorbic acid and pre-fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) treatments for 30 days. In both species grass silages, although the respective controls had higher contents of butyric acid (20.86, 33.45g $kg^{-1}$ DM) and ammonia-N/total nitrogen (100.07, 114.91 g $kg^{-1}$) as compared with other treated silages in forage oats and Italian ryegrass, the fermentation was clearly dominated by lactic acid bacteria. This was well indicated by the low pH value (4.27, 4.38), and high lactic acid/acetic acid (6.53, 5.58) and lactic acid content (61.67, 46.85 g $kg^{-1}$ DM). Glucose addition increased significantly (p<0.05) lactic acid/acetic acid, and significantly (p<0.05) decreased the values of pH and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the contents of butyric acid and volatile fatty acids as compared with control, however, there was a slightly but significantly (p<0.05) higher butyric acid and lower residual mono- and di-saccharides as compared with sorbic acid and FJLB additions. Sorbic acid addition showed the lowest ethanol, acetic acid and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and highest contents of residual fructose, total mono- and di-saccharides and dry matter as well as high lactic acid/acetic acid and lactic acid content. FJLB addition had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content, the most intensive lactic acid fermentation occurring in FJLB treated silages. This resulted in the faster accumulation of lactic acid and faster pH reduction. Sorbic acid and FJLB additions depressed clostridia or other undesirable bacterial fermentation, thus this decreased the water-soluble carbohydrates loss and saved the fermentable substrate for lactic acid fermentation.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.122-131
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the effects of winter annual forage corps such as winter rye (Secale cereale L.), rape (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera L.), oats (Auena satiua L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), vetch (Vicia satiua L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolim multiflorum Lam.) on subsequent growth, yield and quality of silage corn (Zea mays L.). The winter annual forage crops were seeded at the end of August and harvested in the fall and spring before corn planting. Corn-leaf numbers, plant heights and LA1 were generally reduced during early development when corn followed Italian ryegrass(P<0.05) and winter rye, but the silking date of corn was not affected by the winter annual forage crops. Corn dry matter and TDN yields were significantly reduced when corn followed Italian ryegrass and late maturing Kodiak winter rye. The yield reductions for corn following Italian ryegrass and Kodiak winter rye, relative to corn which did not follow the winter annual forage crops, were 49 and 19% respectively. but the corn yield was slightly improved by 2 and 3%, respectively. when corn followed crimson clover and vetch. No quality differences in corn stover were observed among the treatments except for the lowest ADF and NDF contents and the highest IVDMD where corn followed ltaliabn ryegrass.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to increase the utility and productivity of forage crops at high altitued areas. For that purpose, 21 cultivars of corn and 2 cultivars of rye were cultivated for 3 years using a randomized block designed with 3 replications. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the Taekwallyong area (800m above sea level) which has a short frostless period, all the seeding and harvest of corn must be finished within about 135 days between mid May, the time of the last frost, and late September, the time of the first frost 2. It was relatively safe for the early maturity cultivar(ll0days) and the medium maturity cultivar(l20days), compared to the late maturity cultivar(l30days) which might have had the possibility of an overlapping period between the time of harvest and the first frost in high altitude areas 3. The productivity of forage corn, which is the most efficient crop for capturing solar energy, varied significantly with the climate circumstances but the productivity of Taekwallyong showed similar results of 19 M/T/ha, compared with 20 M/T/ha in Suwon from the '96-'98 study 4. Rye could be cultivated in high altitude areas and when corn was raised as a second crop after rye in the same year, it was possible to increase the productivity of dry matter yield by 20% through double cropping(P < 0.05). (Key words : Cropping system, Corn, Rye, Forage production)

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.40-46
• /
• 1988

This study was carried out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 100 and 200kg/ha) and formaldehyde (0.4,0.8 and 1.2%: w/w CM) on the chemical composition, dry matter (DM) yield and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forage rape (Brassica napus Subsp. oleifera) silage. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Forage rape was a catch crop which was highly digestible and low concentration in NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. 2. The concentration of the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and buffering capacity (PK) was 17.9% and 6.77g/100g, respectively, provided the WSC to PK ratio was 2.65. 3. DM content of silage decreased as the rate of N fertilization increased, but concentration of ammonia-N decreased. IVDMD was not affected by the rate of N fertilization. 4. By the addition of formaldehyde, the pH and IVDMD were increased, but the DM, lactic acid, total organic acid and ammonia-N content of rape silage were decreased, that was effective as a silage additive for forage rape.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 1988

Insufficient herbage during the fall in the temperate areas of the world has been a serious limitation in animal production, but leafy brassicae are potentially very useful for extending the grazing season when the growth and quality of grass is poor. This study was conducted to determine the effects of cutting stage and N fertilization on dry matter (DM) yield, forage quality and chemical composition of forage rape (Brassica napus Subsp. oleifera). The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Livestock Farm of Seoul Nat'l Univ., at Suweon, during 1985- 1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. DM percentage and yield significantly increased as the growth period was prolonged and decreased as the N fertilization increased, but in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was unaffected by the treatments. 2. Plant height, DM yield and $NO_3$-N content significantly increased as the rate of N fertilization increased and DM percentage decreased, but the IVDMD was unaffected. 3. The forage rape had high percentage of crude protein and ash. Glutamic acid, pro!ine and aspartic acid were the major amino acids. Concentration of P, Ca and Mg were high.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.207-211
• /
• 2015

The objective of the study was to measure the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation on the nutritive value of oat silage collected from thirteen regions in the Republic of Korea. The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude ash (CA) were slightly lower in LAB inoculated silage when compared with the control silage, whereas inoculation of LAB resulted in increased total digestible nutrient (TDN). Higher number of LAB, but lower count of yeast and fungi indicated the effectiveness of the LAB inoculation on oat silage fermentation. LAB inoculation resulted in low pH silage, which may prevent undesirable microbial growth. The LAB inoculation promoted lactic acid dominant fermentation with marginal levels of acetic acid and butyric acid in oat silage. These data suggest that the LAB inoculation may preserve oat silage at better quality for ruminant animal production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.797-803
• /
• 2017

Objective: Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. Methods: Five European${\times}$Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distributed according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square. The following treatments were evaluated: control, supplementation with 300 g CP/d (0:1), supplementation with 300 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (1:1), supplementation with 600 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (2:1), and supplementation with 900 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (3:1). A mixture of nitrogenous compounds provided 1/3 from true protein (casein) and 2/3 from non-protein nitrogen (mixture of urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) was used as the nitrogen supplement. In order to supply energy a unique source of corn starch was used. Results: Supplements increased (p<0.05) dry matter intake, but did not affect (p>0.05) forage intake. There was a cubic effect (p<0.05) of starch on voluntary intake. This was attributed to the highest forage intake (g/kg BW) when using the 2:1 starch:CP ratio. Supplements increased (p<0.05) organic matter (OM) digestibility, but did not affect (p>0.05) neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) digestibility. There was a positive linear effect (p<0.05) of the amount of starch supplemented on OM digestibility. Total NDFap digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by the amount of supplemental starch. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, however, a negative linear effect (p<0.05) of amount of starch was observed. Supplements increased (p<0.05) the nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. These effects were attributed to increased body anabolism, supported by higher (p<0.05) serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Increasing the amount of starch tended (p<0.06) to linearly increase the NB. In spite of this, there was a highest NB value for the 2:1 starch:CP ratio amongst the treatments with supplementation. Conclusion: Nitrogen supplementation in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage increases nitrogen retention in the animal's body. An additional supply of starch increases nitrogen retention by increasing energy availability for both rumen and animal metabolism.