• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to develop new digital navicular drop test (ND-NDT) equipment and to determine its validity and reliability. Methods: A total of 24 healthy male and female adults, who fully understood the purpose of the study and gave consent to participate in the study, were selected as participants. The NDT and ND-NDT were conducted in the dominant foot of the participants in a random order. For the NDT, the position of the navicular bone was marked with a pen first; then, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. For the ND-NDT, after the sticker-type reflection markers were attached to the position of the navicular bone, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. To assess the validity of the diagnostic tests, the same examiner measured the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) three times in both the sitting and standing positions. To assess the inter-rater reliability of the ND-NDT, three examiners, in a random order, attached the sticker-type reflection markers to the position of the navicular bone and then measured the height of the MLA in both positions. Results: In the sitting position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two diagnostic tests was very high (r = 0.97) and statistically significant. In the standing position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two tests was 0.95, which was also statistically significant. The ICC_2,1 values in the sitting and standing positions were 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, indicating significantly high inter-rater reliability. Conclusion: The ND-NDT equipment showed very high diagnostic validity, as well as excellent inter-rater reliability, indicating the clinical usefulness of the equipment as a diagnostic system for confirming pes planus.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of squat posture, band position, and contraction type on the muscle activity of the hip abductors during resisted lateral band walking. Design: A cross-sectional survey study Methods: 24 healthy male subjects were recruited, and surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia lata of the dominant leg during lateral walking exercises. Resistance bands were applied to the knees, ankles, and feet in semi-squat and squat postures, and exercises were randomly performed under six different conditions. Results: The results showed significant differences in muscle activity in the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia lata according to posture, band position, and contraction type (p<0.05). The muscle activity of the hip abductors increased in the squat posture and with the band placed on the distal joint compared to the proximal joint (p<0.05). Additionally, muscle activity was higher in the eccentric contraction phase than in the concentric contraction phase (p<0.05). Contrary to previous studies, moving the resistance band from the ankle to the foot increased the muscle activity of the tensor fascia lata while the activity of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius also increased. Conclusions: According to the results, squat posture with a resistance band placed on the feet and using an eccentric contraction phase were found to be the most effective methods for strengthening the hip abductors.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.784-794
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• 2023

Background: ginsenoside Rg5 is a rare ginsenoside with known hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice. This study aimed to explore the effects of ginsenoside Rg5 on skin wound-healing in the Lepr^db/db mutant (db/db) mice (C57BL/KsJ background) model and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J, SLC7A11-knockout (KO), the littermate wild-type (WT), and db/db mice were used for in vivo and ex vivo studies. Results: Ginsenoside Rg5 provided through oral gavage in db/db mice significantly alleviated the abundance of apoptotic cells in the wound areas and facilitated skin wound healing. 50 μM ginsenoside Rg5 treatment nearly doubled the efferocytotic capability of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from db/db mice. It also reduced NF-κB p65 and SLC7A11 expression in the wounded areas of db/db mice dose-dependently. Ginsenoside Rg5 physically interacted with SLC7A11 and suppressed the cystine uptake and glutamate secretion of BMDCs from db/db and SLC7A11-WT mice but not in BMDCs from SLC7A11-KO mice. In BMDCs and conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s), ginsenoside Rg5 reduced their glycose storage and enhanced anaerobic glycolysis. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-91149 almost abolished the effect of ginsenoside Rg5 on promoting efferocytosis. Conclusion: ginsenoside Rg5 can suppress the expression of SLC7A11 and inhibit its activity via physical binding. These effects collectively alleviate the negative regulations of SLC7A11 on anaerobic glycolysis, which fuels the efferocytosis of dendritic cells. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg5 has a potential adjuvant therapeutic reagent to support patients with wound-healing problems, such as diabetic foot ulcers.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.167-177
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of golf shoe design on kinematic variables during golf swing. Five professional male golfers with shoe size 270mm were recruited for the study. Swing motion was collected using 8 high speed camera motion analysis at a sampling of 180Hz. Kinematic variables were calculated by EVaRT 4.2 software. Driver swing was divided into four events; El(adress), E2(top), E3(impact) and E4(finish). Time, peak velocity, velocity of center of mass, velocity of the foot and ankle angle during Phase 1(El-E2), Phase 2(E2-E3), and Phase 3(E3-E4) were analyzed in order to investigate the relationship between golf shoe design and swing performance. The findings indicated that type C golf shoes would be beneficial for stability and control of movement during address and swing performance. Furthermore, faster speed of golf shoes, center of mass, and both feet were observed with Type C golf shoes. It is expected that golfers with Type C golf Shoes provide greater force as they control the center of mass faster and increase rotational force during impact compared to other golf shoes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2009

Complement of test standard, evaluation methods and models are needed to improve national competitiveness and to exchange superior genetic resources through the comparison of genetic evaluation score among nations in dairy cattle. Therefore, this study was conducted for the application of international standard to Korea considering domestic circumstance by changing linear-classification test score system of 50 classes which is currently used in Korea to system of 9 classes which is used in advanced nations of dairy. 15,230 of holstein cow linear type records with first parity records for the fifteen linear type and one total score from 2001 to 2006 and pedigree data which were collected by the Korean Animal Improvement Association were used in this study. Population classified by 9 levels was more normal distributed than 50 levels. Correlation coefficients between 50 and 9 score system showed over 0.98 by each classification scheme. Therefore, the 50 point system can be substituted with 9 point system due to their highly positive correlation. However, scores in all traits were still very contingent on classifier under the 9 point system (p<0.001), and F values between foot angle and front teat attachment showed high fluctuation depending on classifier. It means that subjective opinions of classifier would influence on linear type score as ever even if class scheme transformed to system of 9 class. Therefore, the relevance of transformation to the 9 point system should be assessed after analyses about various environmental factors.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 2020

Purpose: Korean studies on the prevalence of a tarsal coalition are quite rare, and there are very few reports on the prevalence of multiple tarsal coalitions among adults in the foreign literature. Therefore, this study examined the characteristics and prevalence of tarsal coalition in the Korean population based on imaging tests. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of tarsal coalition and its anatomical location and histological classification were reviewed retrospectively among 4,711 patients (4,454 males and 257 females) with an ankle sprain or ankle fracture who underwent foot and ankle computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging between March 2009 and February 2019 at the authors' institution. Results: Over a period of 10 years, 78 patients (1.7%) had a tarsal coalition, among whom 53 patients (67.9%) had an isolated tarsal coalition and 25 patients (32.1%) had multiple tarsal coalitions. Regarding the anatomical location, a talocalcaneal coalition was the most common type in both isolated (31 patients, 37 cases [62.7%]) and multiple (22 patients, 23 cases [45.1%]) tarsal coalitions. In the isolated coalition group, the second-most common type was calcaneonavicular coalition (10 patients, 16.9%), followed by naviculocuneiform (nine patients, 15.3%) and cuboidonavicular coalitions (three patients, 5.1%). In the multiple coalition group, the second-most common coalition type was calcaneonavicular coalition (14 patients, 14 cases [27.5%]), followed by talonavicular coalition (six patients, six cases [11.8%]). From a total of 60 cases of talocalcaneal coalition, 24 cases (40.0%) were in the posterior facet, 18 cases (30.0%) in the middle facet, and four cases (6.7%) in the anterior facet. Regarding the histological classification, cartilaginous coalition was the most common in both single (32 patients, 35 cases [59.3%]) and multiple (20 patients, 37 cases [72.5%]) coalition groups. Conclusion: The present study found that talocalcaneal coalition was the most common type of tarsal coalition. In contrast to previous reports that a talocalcaneal coalition generally occurs in the middle facet, it was usually observed in the posterior facet in the present study. In addition, although multiple tarsal coalitions have been reported to be quite rare, this study confirmed that they are not rare and can occur in a range of patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2019

Purpose: The clinical and radiological results of patients with type 3 talar neck fractures treated with the anteromedial approach using medial malleolar osteotomy and large distractor were analyzed retrospectively. Materials and Methods: From March 2009 to August 2016, 12 patients with a type 3 talar neck fracture, who underwent the anteromedial approach using a medial malleolar osteotomy and large distractor and who could be followed-up for more than 12 months after the operation, were examined. The patients were examined for the presence of Hawkins signs by anteroposterior and lateral radiographs and osteonecrosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the postoperative 3 months. Subsequently, every 3 months, radiographic union was assessed by a simple radiograph and clinical symptoms. Twelve months postoperatively, posttraumatic arthritis was assessed and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score was analyzed. Results: In 7 cases, osteonecrosis was found on MRI performed 3 months after surgery. On the other hand, at the 12 months follow-up, all of them obtained AOFAS scores of 83.86±4.53 without surgical treatment. Radiographic union was achieved in all cases. The mean union period was 5.3 months. In 10 cases, traumatic arthritis was found after the radiographical and clinical evaluation. In addition, all of them could carry on everyday life by conservative treatment. The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was measured to be 85.17 on average. Other complications included superficial wound infection in 2 cases. Conclusion: An anteromedial approach using a medial malleolar osteotomy and a large distractor in the surgical treatment of patients with type 3 talar neck fractures can achieve anatomical reduction of the displaced fragment without a lateral dissection. This is considered to be another good surgical option.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

At the end of November 2010, livestock infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) were buried, increasing concern about secondary pollution of drinking water and groundwater with odor. Hence, measures to reduce pollution of drinking water and groundwater are needed. In this study, based on livestock type and soil texture, five pilot-scale burial sites were monitored for the past three years from Feb 2012 to 2015. Leachate from the site was analyzed for 90 compounds. A detailed investigation has been completed, looking into organic matter decomposition characteristics of the buried bodies, relevant trace elements thereof, and in particular metabolite concentration changes such as the degree of decomposition of a carcass. From the results, no detectable heavy metals, including cadmium and arsenic, were measured. Among animal types, the rate of cattle decomposition is faster than swine decomposition, and the decomposition of the bodies were performed in sequence from sand, clay loam, sandy loam.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.232-240
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of using standing step condition on biomechanical variables during jab in boxing. For this purpose, eight orthodox type college boxers(age = 20.38±0.52 yrs, height = 172.38±5.80 cm, body mass = 63.45±8.56 kg, career = 6.00±1.07 yrs) who without injury to the musculoskeletal system participated in the experiment over the last year. In order to verify the effect of biomechanical variables using standing step during jab in boxing, the paired t-test (α = .05) statistical method was used. First, W.S(with-step) showed a greater impact force than N.S(non-step), and muscle activity was analyzed to be low. Second, it was analyzed that the pelvis and foot segments move faster because W.S affects the velocity of the anterior segment of the human body. Third, the rotational movement of the pelvis was faster in W.S. Fourth, W.S was analyzed to have greater ground reaction force in the anterior caused by the right and left foot than N.S. Through this, it was found that the use of the standing step during jab increases the ground reaction force the velocity and rotational movement of the human segment. Therefore, it was confirmed that it allowed a faster and more agile movement, and thus produces a greater impact force with relatively less muscle activity. Therefore, in order to effectively deliver a greater impact force to the opponent during the jab, it was effectively analyzed to accompany the standing step.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.105-116
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• 2008

Objectives : The objective of this study is to investigate the suppressing effect of the cervi pantotrichum cornu pharmacopuncture on the expression of iNOS mRNA and production of NO in synoviocytes from artificially arthritis-induced mice. Methods : In vitro test, synoviocytes extracted from a knee joint of a mouse were cultivated, and the herbal extract of cervi pantotrichum cornu($0.4mg/m{\ell}$, $0.6mg/m{\ell}$, $0.8mg/m{\ell}$, and $1.0mg/m{\ell}$) was added into the wells of synoviocytes to suppress the expression of iNOS mRNA and production of NO. In vivo test, each ten mice were allocated into three groups; Normal group, CIA-elicitated group(CIA), and group treated with cervi pantotrichum cornu pharmacopuncture after CIA elicitation(CCA). The extract of cervi pantotrichum cornu was injected into the acupoint of $SP_{10}$ to observe the changes of foot thickness in mice and the suppression of MIF, TNF-$\alpha$, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65, and iNOS. Results : In vitro test, the expression of iNOS mRNA and production of NO were dose-dependently decreased in the wells of synoviocytes treated with PMA. In vivo test, the suppression of MIF, TNF-$\alpha$, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65, and iNOS was clearly shown in the pieces of the synovial joint treated with the extract of cervi pantotrichum cornu. The foot thickness also decreased dose-dependently. Conclusions : It is speculated that the cervi pantotrichum cornu pharmacopuncture can be applicable to the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the expression of iNOS mRNA and production of NO.