• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to the evaluate the clinical and radiographic results and complication of the Scarf osteotomy which is one of the surgical treatment of Hallux valgus. Material and Method: Fifty feet (30 patients) of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity were operated by Scarf osteotomy procedure from January 2002 to July 2002. Patients were asked about their satisfaction in terms of pain, appearance and motion. The AOFAS clinical ratio scales and radiographic results for hallux valgus were evaluated. Result: The mean Hallux valgus angle improved from an average of 30.6 degrees to 9.0 degrees and the first intermetatarsal angle improved from an average 13.3 degrees to 5.2 degrees respectively. The preoperative mean AOFAS score was 58 points and on last follow up AOFAS score improved to 88 points. Complication which including troughing, nonunion, malunion was not developed. Conclusion: We found that Scarf osteotomy is a reliable operation for mild to moderate Hallux valgus deformity as regards firm fixation and early postoperative ambulation and large contact area for union.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2008

In this paper, the effects of the external-rotation exercise on the gait of hemiplegia was investigated. 26 patients with hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group(n=12) and control one(n=14). 12 subjects of the experimental group were received the external rotation reducing exercise on the mat with seating and supine posture after the general therapeutic exercise for hemiplegia. 14 subjects of the control group were received only general therapeutic exercise. The effects of external rotation reducing exercise were evaluated by measurements of gait velocity, cadence, stride length, step length and foot angle using ink-foot prints. The collected data were analyzed statistically based on Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and correlation analysis. After treatment of three weeks, it turned out that external rotation reducing exercise has the significant effect on foot angle(p<0.01). However the exercise has no statistically significant direct effect on the gait velocity, cadence, stride length and step length.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of foot landing type (forefoot vs. rearfoot landing) on kinematics, kinetics, and energy absorption of hip, knee, and ankle joints. Method: Twenty-five healthy men performed single-leg landings with two different foot landing types: forefoot and rearfoot landing. A motion-capture system equipped with eight infrared cameras and a synchronized force plate embedded in the floor was used. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic parameters were compared using paired two-tailed Student's t-tests at a significance level of .05. Results: On initial contact, a greater knee flexion angle was shown during rearfoot landing (p < .001), but the lower knee flexion angle was found at peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) (p < .001). On initial contact, ankles showed plantarflexion, inversion, and external rotation during forefoot landing, while dorsiflexion, eversion, and internal rotation were shown during rearfoot landing (p < .001, all). At peak vertical GRF, the knee extension moment and ankle plantarflexion moment were lower in rearfoot landing than in forefoot landing (p = .003 and p < .001, respectively). From initial contact to peak vertical GRF, the negative work of the hip, knee, and ankle joint was significantly reduced during rearfoot landing (p < .001, all). The contribution to the total work of the ankle joint was the greatest during forefoot landing, whereas the contribution to the total work of the hip joint was the greatest during rearfoot landing. Conclusion: These results suggest that the energy absorption strategy was changed during rearfoot landing compared with forefoot landing according to lower-extremity joint kinematics and kinetics.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.158-161
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• 2005

Purpose: To analyze the risk factors and the treatment results of the distal chevron osteotomy for the hallux valgus in young adult. Materials and Methods: Eleven cases of hallux valgus in 9 patients who underwent the distal chevron osteotomy between February 2000 and January 2004 were included for the study. For the clinical evaluation, we used hallux-metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). For radiological evaluation, we measured hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA). Results: Five patients had family history of hallux valgus. Symptoms were aggravated by military drill and sports activity. The average AOFAS scale was 62.5 preoperatively, and 88.4 at final follow-up. The HVA and IMA were $34.9^{\circ}$, and $15.8^{\circ}$ preoperatively, $16.3^{\circ}$ and $8.2^{\circ}$ at postoperative 6 weeks, and $19.9^{\circ}$ and $9.8^{\circ}$ at final follow-up. Conclusion: The symptoms of hallux valgus in young adults were aggravated by military drill and sports activity. Distal chevron osteotomy was useful for the treatment of the moderate to severe hallux valgus in young patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of anterior, posterior, and lateral pelvic tilt exercise upon the gait characteristics of patients with hemiplegia including their gait velocity, cadence, stride length, step length of the non affected side, step length of the affected side, foot angle of the non affected side, foot angle of the affected side, base of support, and so on. The subject of this study was 24 men and women patients with hemiplegia. The patients, the subject of this study, were classified into 12 patients of treatment group applying pelvic tilt exercise using visual feedback and 12 patients of control group applying general pelvic tilt exercise, and then analyzed their gait before and after exercise. Temporal distance gait analysis (Boening, 1977) was used to analyze their gait, and ink foot-print was applied as on of measurement methods. To find out meaningful difference between control group and treatment group, this study carried out independent sample t-test for each item by utilizing SPSS/Win 10.0, compared changes in control group's and treatment group's gait characteristics before and after exercise as percentage, and applied paired t-test to conduct before-after test in same group. Statistical significance level was ${\alpha}$ < 0.05. The results of this study were as follows. As a result of independent sample t-test for control group's and treatment group's gait characteristics after exercise, it was not statistically significant so there was no meaningful difference between two groups. However, it was statistically significant in the change rate(%) of gait characteristics, and treatment group's patients with hemiplegia had been highly changed in gait characteristics in comparison with control group. From the above-mentioned results, could find that pelvic tilt exercise using visual feedback for patients with hemiplegia was effective to improve their gait ability and it could increase the ability in comparison with general pelvic tilt exercise. In the future, studies on the effect of pelvic tilt exercise using visual feedback shall be continued based on more quantitative methods.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

Propose: This study was retrospectively to review the surgical results for moderate to severe hallux valgus corrected with a modified McBride procedure and proximal metatarsal crescentic osteotomy. Materials and Methods: Between August 1997 and August 2001, 15 patients with 22 bunion underwent surgical correction and were followed for an average 29.3 months (range, 18 to 53 months). Clinical results were evaluated with AOFAS clinical rating system for hallux and radiological measurements were done preoperatively and at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively. Results: The average AOFAS clinical rating score improved from 47.5 to 86.0. Union of the osteotomy site occurred at 9.5 weeks except one delayed union. The hallux valgus angle improved an from $36.5^{\circ}$ to $15.7^{\circ}$ and the intermetatarsal angle improved from $17.4^{\circ}$ to $8.6^{\circ}$ on average. Dorsiflexion of the first metatarsal at the osteotomy site was present in three (13.6%) with average $4^{\circ}$. Complications were two recurred deformity, one hallux varus and one painful transfer lesion. There was a high level of satisfaction with clinical results in 11 patients (73.3%) with 17 feets and cosmesis in 18 feets (81.8%). Conclusion: Modified McBride procedure and proximal metatarsal crescentic osteotomy based on careful patient selection and meticulous technique showed satisfactory outcome for moderate to severe hallux valgus.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to introduce the 'Matrixplasty' for the treatment of a severely incurved toenail with growth plate deformity and to report our results treating this disease entity. Materials and Methods: Between January 2010 and May 2010, 48 consecutive patients (62 cases) underwent treatment of symptomatic incurved toenails with the 'matrixplasty'. The mean period of time at last follow-up was $14.0{\pm}1.3$ months. The recurrence rate and complication rate were evaluated. An American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot hallux score was assigned and patients were evaluated at pretreatment and the last follow-up meeting. For evaluation of improvement in toenail shape, the center to edge angle of the toenail was measured at pretreatment and last follow-up. Results: All ingrown toenails healed and the nail deformity was corrected within 3 weeks after the procedure. Among the 62 cases, four cases had recurred by the last follow-up. The mean pretreatment AOFAS forefoot hallux score was $73.1{\pm}12.8$, and it improved to $98.7{\pm}1.1$ by the last follow-up (p<0.01). The mean center to edge angle of the toenail improved from $53.3{\pm}12.9$ degrees to $18.2{\pm}7.4$ degrees by the last follow-up (p<0.01). Minor paronychia, which was managed with local wound dressing and oral antibiotics, was identified in eight cases. Conclusion: Matrixplasty showed excellent clinical results in the treatment of severe incurved toenail (pincer nail) and this procedure also showed great improvement of the deformed toenail and its growth plate.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

Purpose: To analyze the clinical and radiological results of operative treatment in patients with tongue type intra-articular calcaneal fracture, and to compare the open reduction and Essex-Lopresti technique. Materials and Methods: We examined a consecutive series of 42 patients who received surgical treatment for tongue type calcaneal fracture (24 cases of the open reduction and 18 cases of the Essex-Lopresti technique) and the postoperative data was compared with a minimum 1 year follow-up. The clinical outcome was analyzed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scale and Salama's criteria. The preoperative, postoperative, and last follow-up changes in the Bohler angle was radiologically analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the clinical and radiological results at the last follow-up. However, for the Sander's type 3 and 4 fractures, the open reduction group showed more improvement of AOFAS score and less reduction loss in the Bohler angle. Conclusion: Although the clinical results were good irrespective of surgical technique, the open reduction and internal fixation can improve clinical outcome and reduce the reduction loss as compared with the Essex-Lopresti technique in the comminuted tongue type calcaneal fracture.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2009

Purpose: Nonunion of intra-articular fractures of calcaneus is rarely reported complication. We present our experiences with 4 patients (5 cases) treated operatively for nonunion after intra-articular fracture of calcaneus. Materials and Methods: 4 patients (5 cases) with nonunion of intra-articular fracture of calcaneus after operative treatment were followed for 4 years (from 2002 to 2006). For assessment, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were assessed for clinical outcome and the union of fracture site, the talocalcaneal height and the angle of talar declination were determined for radiologic outcome. Results: The mean talocalcaneal height was 6.94 cm (range, 5.9${\sim}$7.6 cm) preoperatively and 7.34 cm (range, 6.0${\sim}$8.3 cm) at last follow-up. The mean angle of talar declination was 5.68 degrees (range, 4.6${\sim}$8 degrees) preoperatively and 13.1 degrees (range, 5.7${\sim}$21 degrees) at last follow-up. The mean preoperative AOFAS score and VAS were 20.4 (range, 14${\sim}$36) and 4 (range, 3${\sim}$6), respectively. At last follow-up, these scores improved to a mean of 59.6 (range, 54${\sim}$68) and 3 (range, 2${\sim}$4), respectively. Unions of previous nonunion site of intra-articular fracture of calcaneus were achieved in all 4 patients (5 cases). Conclusion: The reconstructive procedure for nonunion of intra-articular fracture of calcaneus showed good results in terms of bone union, radiologic results and functional improvement than preoperative state. Because the plantar pain for the inferior angular formation in nonunion site may happen, we will pay attention to reduction of fragment.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2009

Purpose: We tried to evaluate the usefulness of the arthroscopy in the operative treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fracture. Materials and Methods: Between March 2005 and May 2008, 9 patients with intra-articular calcaneal fractures（Tongue type or Sanders type IIC) were treated with arthroscopically assisted percutaneous reduction and screw fixation. American orthopedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, visual analogue scale (VAS), preoperative and postoperative Bohler's angle and the rate of complication were evaluated. Results: AOFAS score at postoperative 1 year was 88.2 (range, 71-92), and mean VAS score was 2.8 (range, 1-4). Bohler angle was improved from preoperative mean $16.2^{\circ}$ to postoperative mean $29.7^{\circ}$. There were no complications such as wound problem, infection or nerve injury. Conclusion: Subtalar arthroscopy provides precise view of posterior facet during the operation. Therefore, it can be a useful tool in treating intra-articular calcaneus fractures, especially tongue type and Sanders type IIC fractures.