• 한국의류학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1988

To classify the foot type, direct measurements, metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle of the right and left foot were measured and analyzed. The results are as follows. 1. The correlation coefficients between right and left foot were high degree, and except medial malleous height, the diffences between right and left foot are not significant. 2. The correlation coefficient among direct measurements of the foot are high degree, tut the correlation coefficients between direct measurements and metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle are no or low degree. Therefore, to recognize the foot type, the direct measurements, metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle need to be measured independently. 3. According to foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ which is the slender degree of foot, three groups are distinguished: one is slender type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is less than $40.14\%$, two is standard type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is $40.14\%{\~}44.30\%$, three is broad type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is more than $44.30\%$. 4. On the photographs metatarso-phalanx angle was measured, and two groups are distinguished: one is normal type of which the metatarso-phalanx angle is more than $160^{\circ}$ and the other is the deformed type of which the metatarso-Phalanx angle is less than $159^{\circ}$. 5. By foot print angle $30^{\circ}$ which need reformation of the foot, two groups are distinguished: one is normal foot print angle of which the angle is more than $30^{\circ}$ and the other is flat foot print angle of which the angle is less than $30^{\circ}$. 6. Classifications by foot width/foot $length{\times}100$, metatarso-Phalanx angle and foot Print angle are put together, and then foot types are classified into 12 groups such as Table 11.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.637-645
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of men's foot and the foot type by cluster analysis for men's footwear. The sample size for the study was 200 college men between age 19 and 24 in Pusan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot for factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result was as follows: 1. The size of If items of men's foot is larger than women's foot. 2. There were 9 items selected by factor analysis. 3. The cluster analysis of the direct measurement: Cluster 1: The items of the direct measurement is all much the same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 2: The foot size is relatively small to other clusters. Cluster 3: The foot size is relatively large to other clusters. 4. The cluster analysis of indirect measurement: Cluster 1: The foot print angle is the most value and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is nomral Cluster 2: The foot print angle is middle and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is normal. Cluster 3: The foot print angle is high and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is the smallest. Cluster 4: The foot print angle is low and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is all the much same to mean value of this age group.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

본 연구는 영상의학과에 내원한 족부환자를 대상으로 족부 X선 검사 시 주상골(navicular)의 관찰이 어려운 점을 바탕으로 환자의 position과 X선관 각도의 변화를 주어 어떠한 position과 X선관 각도에서 주상골의 관찰이 용이한지를 알아보고자 하였다. 주상골 관찰을 위해 실험대상자의 position은 Foot AP, internal oblique, external Oblique position의 세 가지로 하였다. T-F angle(Tibia-Foot angle)은 $90^{\circ}$와 $135^{\circ}$로 정의하였고, X선관 각도는 $0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $25^{\circ}$로 정의하여 실험한 후 획득한 영상을 비교 평가하였다. 실험결과, Foot AP position에서 T-F angle이 $90^{\circ}$인 경우 X선관 각도가 $15^{\circ}$일 때 설상골과 주상골의 겹침 정도는 3%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.89점으로 골절의 판독 용이성이 가장 높았으며, T-F angle이 $135^{\circ}$경우에는 X선관 각도가 $15^{\circ}$일 때 설상골과 주상골의 겹침 정도는 5%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.30점으로 판독 용이성이 가장 높았다. Foot internal oblique position에서는 T-F angle이 $90^{\circ}$인 경우 X선관 각도가 $0^{\circ}$일 때 설상골과 주상골의 겹침 정도는 4%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.70점으로 가장 높았으며, T-F angle이 $135^{\circ}$경우에는 X선관 각도가 $0^{\circ}$일 때 그 겹침 정도는 5%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.55점으로 가장 높게 나타났다. Foot external oblique position에서 T-F angle이 $90^{\circ}$인 경우 X선관 각도가 $15^{\circ}$일 때 설상골과 주상골의 겹침 정도는 4%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.85점으로 가장 높았으며, T-F angle이 $135^{\circ}$경우에는 X선관 각도가 $15^{\circ}$일 때 그 겹침 정도는 5%이었고 블라인드 테스트 결과는 4.75점으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로, 본 연구를 통하여 X 선 족부검사에서 각 position에 해당하는 주상골 관찰에 용이한 T-F 각도와 X선관 각도를 확인할 수 있었으며, 향후 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 주상골 골절 판독에 유용한 참고자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between anthropometric data of foot and other body sizes. to categorize the foot shape of elementary school boys and to find out determinant factors related the foot that enable us to deduce the foot shape and size for the design of more comfortable shoes. Subjects of this study were 249 elementary school boys of age ranged from 6 to 11 residing Seoul and lncheon area. Anthropometric sizes were measured with the direct measurement method using Martin scales and the indirect measurement method using digital photos. Pearson's correlation, factor analysis. cluster analysis. analysis of variance, post-hoc test, and cross tabs were performed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS program. From the investigation on the relationship between foot-related items and body items, most items of foot measure were significantly related to body size items. However, angle of the foot did not related to other body sizes although other height items and mass items of the foot did have relationships with other body sizes. Results of ANOVA indicated there were significant differences in foot-related items except for items of foot angle and all body anthropometric items by subjects' age. This implicates big toe angle, little toe angle and foot ratio factors are required in sizing shoes besides foot length. On the basis of cluster analysis using factor scores. three different foot shapes were categorized. Type 1 was large and wide foot, Type 2 was small and narrow foot with large toe angle. and Type 3 was medium foot with no deformity on big toe. These three groups show significant differences in almost all measurement items. However, Rorher index and foot angle didn't show any significant differences among groups. This implicates the foot shape can be a determinant of shoe size.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-220
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to analyze the foot type by cluster analysis for footwear. The sample size for the study was 200 college womens between age 19 and 23 in Pusan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot for factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result was as follows : 1. 1'here were 9 items selected by factor analysis. 2.'rho cluster analysis of the foot must be analyzed by direct and indirect measurement indivisually. 3. The cluster analysis of the direct measurement ; Cluster 1 : 1'he foot length is all much the same to mean value of this age group and the items of width and circumference are relatively small to other clusters. Cluster 2 ; The foot length is relatively small to other clusters and the items of width and circumference are all much the same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 3 ; The foot sine Is relatively large to other clusters. 4. The cluster analysis of indirect measurement ; Cluster 1 ; The (cot print angle is high find Metatarso-Phalanx angle is transformed Cluster 2 ; The foot print angle is low and Melatarso-Phalanx angle is normal. Cluster 3 : Tho foot print angle Is middle and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is all the mush same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 4 . The foot print angle Is the most value and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is normal.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of low back pain(LBP) and pelvic displacement on foot orthosis. Before and after experiments were designed to compare the effect. 21 LBP patients who were the subjects diagnosed of applying foot orthosis for 3 weeks after, investigated about pelvic obliquity angle, displacement of ilium, lumbo-sacral angle by x-ray test which is one of pelvic displacement tests, visual analogue scale is used for LBP measurement. The result show the followings; First, Pelvic obliquity angle was significantly reduced after applying foot orthosis compared before using it(p<.05). Second, Displacement of ilium was significantly reduced after applying foot orthosis compared before using it(p<.05). Third, Lumbo-sacral angle was significantly reduced after applying foot orthosis compared before using it(p<.05). Fourth, LBP was significantly reduced after applying foot orthosis compared before using it(p<.05). This study tries to suggest new LBP treatment to reduce pelvic displacement by apply foot orthosis. In conclusion, foot orthosis reduces pelvic obliquity angle, displacement of ilium, lumbo-sacral angle and also decrease LBP. Further more, It needs of biomechanical study which can recognize relation between foot arch and pelvic displacement. This study will serve as a clinically useful data for diagnosis and treatment of LBP and biomechanical analysis of lower limb.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2010

The foot performs an important function in supporting the body and keeping body balance. An abnormal walking habit breaks the balance of the human body as well as the normal function of the foot. The influence of a flatfoot(pes planus) occupies a considerable portion of the various causes resulting in the wrong walking habit. But, little studies has been done by the functional foot orthotics for the flat foot. The object of this study, therefore, is to propose a new approach method to reveal the effects of the improvement of the foot function by using orthotics. The essential point of this study is to measure and analyze the change of ankle angle in the sagittal plane for flat foot subjects wearing the orthotics. Before and after wearing the functional orthotics, the gait analysis of flat foot subjects was conducted in three experimental aspects : the change of ankle angle, the change of the total Ankle ROM and the difference of left & right ankle angle in the sagittal plane. 1. The average ankle angle differences of before-and-after wearing the orthotics have declined like this; left : $2.71^{\circ}$, right: $1.91^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). 2. Total ankle ROM also showed decrease in both sides while the left side's is rather slight; left : $0.57^{\circ}$, right : $2.07^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). 3. The difference of left and right ankle angle in the sagittal plane decreased by $0.71^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). In result, it is confirmed that the functional foot orthotics have a significant effect on mechanical movement of ankle joint for flat foot. it is expected that this paper will be further studied and improved as a practical estimation method in the research on the effect of foot-orthotics.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2011

Objectives : To evaluate the effect of foot orthotic in patient with chronic pain and pelvic obliquity in standing. Methods : Four cases of functional spinal scoliosis, were investigated for the changes in the calcaneal stance position angle, pelvic height, pelvic angle, Cobb's angle and walking pattern. Standing full spine X-ray for measuring the pelvic height, pelvic angle, Cobb's angle were checked before and after application of foot orthosis. The foot orthosis was composed of polyprophylen and chamude cover. Results : 1. There was no change in resting calcaneal stance position. 2. Difference of pelvic height and pelvic angle was reduced after application of a foot orthosis. 3. Cobb's angle in 2 cases was reduced after application of a foot orthosis. 4. Walking balance was improved. 5. Visual analogue scale was decreased. Conclusions : The study showed that foot orthosis seemed to be effective for chronic pain, spinal curve, pelvic obliquity and walking balance.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the measurement differences of simple radiographs according to radiation projection angle using a phantom and to propose methods for objective analysis of simple radiographs. Materials and Methods: We took simple radiographs with different projection angles using a C-arm image intensifier and measured five parameters of the foot on the simple radiographic images. Five parameters include lateral tibiocalcaneal angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, naviculocuboid overlap, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, and lateral calcaneo-first metatarsal angle. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were verified, and then intraclass correlations of parameters were analyzed. Results: Radiographic parameters of the foot showed high intraobserver and interobserver reliability. Lateral tibiocalcaneal angle has a strong negative linear relationship with rotation and a moderate negative linear relationship with tilt. Lateral talocalcaneal angle has a moderate positive linear relationship with rotation and a strong positive linear relationship with tilt. Naviculocuboid overlap has a strong positive linear relationship with rotation and a moderate positive linear relationship with tilt. Lateral talo-first metatarsal angle does not have a linear relationship with rotation and a moderate negative linear relationship with tilt. Lateral calcaneo-first metatarsal angle has a moderate positive linear relationship with rotation and tilt. Conclusion: More precise evaluation of the foot with a simple radiograph can be performed by understanding the changes of radiographic parameters according to radiation projection angle.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 경사로를 오르는 동안 슬관절 굴곡각도와 족저압의 차이를 각각 다른 경사도에 따라 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 24명의 건강한 성인 참가자들에게 각각의 경사도($0^{\circ},\;3^{\circ},\;6{\circ},\;9^{\circ}$)를 걷게 한 후, Parotec system을 이용하여 족저압을 측정하였으며, 걷는 모습을 캠코더로 녹화 한 후 Dartfish system을 이용하여 슬관절 각도를 분석하였으며, 수집된 데이터는 SPSS/PC 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 일원배치분산분석으로 분석하였다. 결과는 각 경사로에 따라 슬관절 굴곡 각도는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 족저압은 좌측 하지의 발뒤꿈치 외측 부위(1번 감지기), 중족부 내측 부위(9번 감지기), 전족부 내측 부위(15번, 16번 감지기), 그리고 우측 하지에서는 발뒤꿈치 외측 부위(3번 감지기)에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 슬관절 각도가 $10{\sim}20^{\circ}$ 사이에서 발뒤꿈치 외측 부위 및 내측 부위의 족저압이 통계학적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다.