• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2010

This study was aimed at comparing selected joint angles at the golf address stance by categorizing three different body types. 43 elite male golfers were selected and 9 of them turned out to be the ectoderm while 24 of them to be the mesoderm. The remaining 10 subjects were the endoderm. The measurement was carried out at the address stance with the number 7 iron and the driver. The result showed that the angle of trunk flexion did not different among body types. The trunk tilting angle became more inclined to the right side, which confirmed the guidelines from most of golf lesson books, for bigger people since they tended to put more weight on the right foot. The angle of both knees showed similar but the right knee was bent more than the left knee. The target direction and body alignment faced more to the left side than the target spot because of the influence of open stance and natural aiming position. It seems that pelvis and knees turned a little bit more to the right side than the target direction in order to maintain the parallel. Overall, significant differences among body types were found at the trunk tilting angle and pelvis-target alignment and golf address configuration can be differentiate by these factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of changes in the knee angle and weight shifting of the sole on the activity of the lower extremity muscles during bridge exercise. METHODS: The subjects of this study included 20 healthy adult women (mean age 29.8 ± 4.32). The subjects performed the bridge exercise under three weight-shifting conditions general bridge (GB), hindfoot press bridge (HPB), and fore-foot bridge (FPB) and at two knee angles (90° and 60°). During the bridge exercise, the activity of the quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis) and biceps femoris muscles were measured using an electromyography sensor. RESULTS: In the quadriceps femoris, the muscle activity of HPB and FPB was significantly higher than that of the GB at knee angles of 90° and 60° (p < .05). In the biceps femoris, the muscle activity increased significantly in the order of GB < HPB < FPB, and the knee angle increased significantly at 60° rather than at 90° (p < .05). There was no significant difference according to the knee angle in all muscles except for the biceps femoris. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the weight-shifting bridge of sole bridge exercise was more effective in increasing the activation of the lower extremity muscles than the GB.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.245-253
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shoes with curved out-sole on the posture variation and its control strategy. At first, Target shoes(s) was made by evaluating the static postures of 7-female university students via 'New York State Posture Test' on shoes which made the relative angle between foot surface and ground surface of shoe change. At second, we evaluated muscle activity for 30-female university students(10 persons-3 groups) on shoes which were s(target), m shoes with curved out-sole and n shoes with flat out-sole. 1. The posture scores on New York State Posture Test were statistically different according to the relative angle changes, and the best angle for score was -7 degree but, the scores charts were like two humped camel at -2, -7degree. we made the shoe with -7 degree and curved out-sole. 2. s, m shoes with curved out-sole had graded muscle activities but, static posture on bare foot, there were the graded activity on gastrocnemius for s shoes and tibialis anterior for m shoes, but on shoes, only Gastrocnemius for s shoes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic coordination and control of lower segments in skill process. For the investigation, we examined the difference of resultant linear velocity of segments and angle vs angle graph. Novice subjects were 9 male middle school students who has never been experienced a taekwondo and expert subjects were 7 university taekwondo players. We analyzed kinematic variables of Dollyochagi motion through videographical analysis and the conclusion were as follows. 1. Examining the graph of novice subjects' maximal resultant linear velocity of the thigh, shank, and foot segment, as it gets closer to the end of the training, the maximal resultant linear velocity in each segment increased. Statistical analysis showed the following results; thigh segment caused the increase of speed, using the trunk segment's momentum in the latter term of learning, while the shank segment utilized the momentum of the adjacent proximal segment at the beginning of learning, and the foot segment in the middle of learning. 2. Until the point where the knee joint angle is minimum, as the novice group learn the skill, the flexion of knee and hip joints has changed into the form of coordination pattern in phase. On the other hand, the expert group showed continual coordination pattern in phase that the movement sequences were smooth. From the knee joint maximal flexion to impact timing, all novice and expert groups showed coordination pattern out of phase. 3. From the knee joint maximal flexion to impact timing, the ankle joint was fixed and the knee joint was extended to all the novice stages and expert subjects.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2002

Purpose: To analyze the radiographic results between the simple bone excision and simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement for prehallux. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients who underwent operative treatment for prehallux between 1995 and 2000 were reviewed. Twenty-six patients who underwent simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement and eight patients who underwent simple bone excision were available for follow-up. Follow-up averaged 44 months(15-59 months). We evaluated and compared the cuboidal height and the talo-1st metatarsal angle in the preoperative and postoperative radiography. Results: The average span of disappearing pain is 3.7 months(2-7 months) after the operation. Mean cuboidal height and talo-1st metatarsal angle were increased $6.7{\pm}1.8mm$, $5.0{\pm}2.1^{\circ}$ before to $7.8{\pm}0.2mm$, $5.6{\pm}0.7^{\circ}$ after simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement. Mean cuboidal height and talo-1st metatarsal angle were increased $6.6{\pm}0.7mm$, $4.6{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ before to $7.7{\pm}0.9mm$, $5.1{\pm}0.4^{\circ}$ after simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement. One case of extra-osseous migration of the Mitek anchor inserted into navicula was seen during the follow-up period. Conclusion: This study shows that the remarkable differences between the two procedures are not found. So, simple bone excision without advancement of posterior tibial tendon for prehallux can generate relatively good results.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2008

Purpose: Haglund's disease represents a painful heel caused by mechanically induced inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and insertional Achilles tendinosis may coexist. Traditional open surgery can cause complications such as skin breakdown, painful scar and altered sensation around the heel. Endoscopic treatment offers the advantages that are related to minimally invasive procedure and we evaluate the clinical results and operative techniques of endoscopic decompression of retrocalcaneal space for Haglund's disease. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study included seven heels in six consecutive patients for which nonoperative treatment had failed and endoscopic decompression was performed. The mean age was forty-one years (range, 28 to 53 years). All of the patients had typical complaints of inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and Fowler-Philip angle of more than $75^{\circ}$ and positive parallel pitch lines were present on the lateral calcaneal radiograph. The endoscopic procedure consists of the resection of inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa and enough bone to prevent impingement of the bursa between the calcaneus and Achilles tendon. All patients were evaluated with radiologic angle, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and Ogilvie-Harris functional score. The mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 15 to 21 months). Results: The mean operation time was 61 minutes (range, 50 to 85 minutes). VAS for pain and Fowler-Philip angle were decreased from preoperative 8.7 and $82^{\circ}$ to postoperative 2.3 and $57^{\circ}$, respectively. One patient with ankylosing spondylitis had a fair result, 2 patients had good results and the remaining 3 patients had excellent results according to Ogilvie-Harris functional score. There were no surgical complications such as infection, Achilles tendon avulsion or abnormal heel sensation. Conclusion: The endoscopic decompression for Haglund's disease was demonstrated to have several advantages including low morbidity, allowance of functional rehabilitation, short recovery time and quick sports resumption. However a comparative study is needed to determine the value of endoscopic decompression and particular caution should be exerted for the enthesiopathy.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the anatomic differences of the fibular incisura of the tibia between ankle fractures with and without syndesmotic injuries. Materials and Methods: 42 patients were involved in this study: Group I was composed with 14 cases of ankle fractures with syndesmotic injuries; Group II was composed with 14 cases of ankle fractures without syndesmotic injuries; Group III was composed with 14 cases of volunteers. The height averaged 170.1 cm (range, $159{\sim}181$ cm) in group I, 168.9 cm (range, $156{\sim}184$ cm) in group II, and 170.4 cm (range, $161{\sim}77$ cm) in group III. The mean height did not show a statistically significant difference between groups (p>0.05). All patients were taken axial computed tomography. The length of anterior and posterior facets, angle between anterior and posterior facet, and depth of the fibular incisura of the tibia were measured. Results: The mean length of the anterior facet was 11.5 mm (range, $9.2{\sim}15.7$ mm) in group I, 12.2 mm (range, $7.3{\sim}17.0$ mm) in group II, and 10.3 mm (range, $8.7{\sim}14.0$ mm) in group III (p>0.05). The mean length of the posterior facet was 12.3 mm (range, $9.0{\sim}14.5$ mm) in group I, 11.0 mm (range, $7.3{\sim}16.2$ mm) in group II, and 13.0 mm (range, $9.2{\sim}15.9$ mm) in group III (p>0.05). The mean angle between anterior and posterior facet was 139.1 degrees (range, $125.5{\sim}154.0$ degrees) in group I, 144.2 degrees (range, $134.7{\sim}152.6$ degrees) in group II, and 131.5 degrees (range, $117.6{\sim}144.4$ degrees) in group III (p<0.05). The mean depth of the fibular incisura of the tibia was 4.1 mm (range, $3.2{\sim}15.8$ mm) in group I, 4.6 mm (range, $3.1{\sim}7.1$ mm) in group II, and 3.1 mm (range, $1.5{\sim}4.0$ mm) in group III (p<0.05). Conclusion: There are some statistical differences of angle between anterior and posterior facet and depth of the fibular incisura of the tibia between ankle fractures with and without syndesmotic injuries.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the treatment of hallux valgus with metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 19 patients (21 feet) who had been treated by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation for the moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), between 1999 and 2004. They were followed prospectively for a minimum of 20 months. Functional outcomes were measured via Hallux metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal (HMI) scale and Mayo clinic forefoot scoring system (FFSS). Radiographically, we assessed pre, postoperative and at the last follow-up, the hallux valgus angle (HVA), 1st and 2nd intermetararsal angle (IMA), DMAA. Results: The average preoperative HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $36.76^{\circ}$, $13.62^{\circ}$, $26.00^{\circ}$, respectively. At the last follow-up, HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $9.57^{\circ}$, $7.14^{\circ}$, $9.33^{\circ}$. The correction of HVA, IMA, DMAA were $27.19^{\circ}$, $6.48^{\circ}$, $6.67^{\circ}$. At the last follow-up, there were no recurrences and complications, except two patients complained of unsatisfactory stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint and subjectively rated their results as fair. The others rated that as excellent or good. At the last follow-up, statistically, the mean HMI scale and FFSS improved significantly from pre-operative score. Conclusions: In the treatment of moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased DMAA by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation, we had good functional and radiological results without recurrences and significant complications. But the stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint warrants further study.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.547-556
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• 2019

Purpose: This study evaluated the results of surgical treatment for residual or recurrent deformity after the conservative treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one cases (32 patients), who were followed up to skeletal maturity, were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age at the last follow-up was 18.7 years. The surgical options included selective or comprehensive soft tissue release, tendon lengthening and transfer, and various types of osteotomy. The radiology measurements included the talocalcaneal angle and talo-first metatarsal angle in the anteroposterior (AP) view, and the talocalcaneal angle and calcaneal pitch in the lateral view. The radiology measurements were compared with the normal values for adults. The clinical evaluations were made using the ankle-hindfoot score and the midfoot score of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS): excellent (>85), good (71-85), pair (56-70), and poor (<56). Results: At the last follow-up, the percentages of the 51 cases, whose parameter values fell within the normal ranges were as follows: in the AP view, 41.2% (talocalcaneal angle); and 90.2% (talo-first metatarsal angle). In the lateral view, the percentage was 84.3% (talocalcaneal angle). For the calcaneal pitch, the percentages were 61%. The mean AOFAS score was 88.1±10.7 on the ankle-hindfoot score and 86.7±11.5 on the midfoot score. Conclusion: The long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic clubfoot, who underwent surgical treatment after conservative treatment, was found to be 43%-90% of the normal range of radiographic indices. Clinically, the mean AOFAS scores were "excellent". Therefore, a satisfactory result can be obtained by analyzing the elements of deformity more accurately and then using the selective operation method, even if the non-surgical correction method fails.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2014

In this paper, the gait imbalance evaluation algorithm based on temporal symmetry ratio using encoder is proposed. The device is attached to the hip joint in order to measure the angle during the normal gait. Using an angle data, the stance phase and swing phase was determined. And the value of TSR(temporal symmetry ratio) was calculated by stance phase and swing phase of gait cycle. For the comparative experiment, the conventional method of the foot pressure was measured at the same conditions. The results of statistical analysis, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) when using encoder. The gait imbalance analysis using encoder is effective in determining the imbalance than using the existing method of pressure.