• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.675-683
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of constipation nutrition knowledge on dietary fiber and frequency of dietary fiber foods intake of 3rd grade high school girls in Kangnung and Seoul. The total 412 questionnaires were analyzed. Defecation frequency was irregular in 47.6% of the students 21.6% had less than twice a week. Those who were in a hurry during defecation frequency was irregular in 47.6% of the students 21.6% had less than twice a week. Those who were in a hurry during defecation were 57.9% and those spent more than 10 min. for defecation were 21.8% More than half of the students(56.6%) answered to have constipation and 13.8% had taken laxative pills more than once during the last one month period. The nutrition knowledge score was relatively high 7.63 points out of possible 10. Dietary fiber intake scores measured by food frequency questionnaire were 3.78 for fruits 3.71 points out of possible 10. Dietary fiber food intake scores measured by food frequency questionnaire were 3.78 for fruits 3.71 for vegetables and 3.37 for seaweeds meaning taken once a week to 2-3 times per month. For the diagnosis of defecation difficulty a factor called "constipation index" was introduced which was composed of defecation frequency time spending for defecation easiness in defecation and feeling of residue in the intestine after defecation. The Cronbach a coefficient of constipation index was 71. Constipation index was significantly correlated with stress level(p<0.05) haste during defecation(p<.01) and defecation time(p<.01) The higher the stress level the more hurry during defecation and the later the defecation the higher the constipation index. The students who ate more often vegetables and seaweeds had lower constipation index(p<.05, p<.01)05, p<.01)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.461-474
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in nutrient intakes between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure the dietary intakes of the subjects. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Intakes of nutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, and antioxidant vitamins were not significantly different between the normocholesterolemia group and hypercholesterolemia group. However, antioxidant vitamins and folate intakes in the hypercholesterolemia group tended to be lower than those in the normocholesterolmia group. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca in normocholesterolemia was much less than the RDA for those nutrients in normocholesterolemia. Cholesterol intake in the hypercholesterolemia group was significantly higher than that in the normochoesterolemia group. However, mean cholesterol intake(240 mg/day) of the hypercholesterolemia group was much less than that of Americans whose cholesterol intake was 400 - 500 me/day. Fatty acid intakes were not significantly different between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia groups but the hypercholesterolemia group tended to consume $\omega$3 fatty acids less than the normocholesterolemia group. Out data indicate that cholesterol intake is man important determinant of serum cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. The results of this study provide information that is important in designing appropriate dietary guidelines for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.215-230
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• 2013

This study aims at examining perception, life style and food habits by residence type in female college students. The data analysis were conducted by a body fat analyzer and questionnaire survey. The subjects were 230 female college students divided into three groups: home-living group, dormitory group, and self-boarding group. The age of the subjects was 20.3~21.7 years old. Among the subjects, 46.1% were home-living group, 27.4% dormitory group, and 26.5% self-boarding group. There was no significant satisfaction of body weight by residence type. Their exercise frequency were not significant by the groups. The exercise time per day was much in home-living group than dormitory group, and self-boarding group(p<0.05). The meal eating time was regular in dormitory group than in home-living group and self-boarding group at p<0.05. 'Frequency of much food intake', 'frequency of restaurant meal', and 'saltness' were significant by the groups at p<0.05 respectively. Breakfast frequency was significant different by the groups at p<0.05. Intakes frequency of cereals in breakfast, meats in breakfast, vegetables in breakfast was different by the groups at p<0.05.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fast food intake, choice, and satisfaction on age among 311 people living in the metropolitan area. The frequency of fast food intake was high in the 20s and 30s, and those in the 40s and over 50s were low, showing a significant difference according to age. Costs for fast food purchases mainly ranged from 5,000 won to 7,000 won. Major sources of information on choosing fast food were mainly from friends and the internet in 20s, and mass media from over 30s. Thirty-nine percent of subjects responded that their dietary habits changed after fast food intake, and the most changes was to like spicy food, followed by eating-out times increased. The factors affecting the choice of fast food were mainly easy to eat, followed by time was not influenced and taste, and taste showed significant difference according to age. Among the subjects who were worried about fast food, 30s showed mainly increase in body weight and over 50s had health problem, and a significant difference was observed according to age. For the improvements in fast food intake, subjects answered in nutrition, hygiene and price in order. Fast food brands, services, menus were the most satisfied in 30s, and 40s were the most unsatisfied, and there was a significant difference. In conclusion, the frequency of fast food intake was higher in young people, and the choice of fast food and satisfaction appeared to be significantly influenced by age. Therefore, data are required to recognize and practice a balanced diet by activating studies on the fast food intake of middle-aged and elderly people and understanding consumer changes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.166-174
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary self-efficacy for sodium intake reduction and dietary behaviors by eating areas. Subjects (797 males and 767 females) were classified according to perceived dietary habit levels related to sodium intake (lowest: ${\leq}10$ (n=434), low: $11{\sim}{\leq}13$ (n=471), high: $14{\sim}{\leq}15$ (n=360), highest: $16{\leq}$ (n=299)) using an online survey with a sample that was geographically representative of the population. The highest group was significantly younger and had a higher student proportion than the lowest group. Dining contexts regarding home led to a significantly higher sodium intake in the highest group, but it was eating out for the lowest group. The highest group had a significantly lower intention to reduce sodium intake compared to the lowest group. In the home cooked meals, the highest group displayed a significantly lower cooking frequency, less effort with respect to a low sodium diet and cooking habits related to sodium intake as compared to the lowest group. Also, regarding eating out and food service, the highest group exhibited significantly lower efforts and dietary behaviors to reduce sodium intake than the lowest group. The dietary score for sodium reduction behavior in the highest group was significantly lower compared to the lowest group, for home cooked meals, eating out, as well as food service. Thus, dietary guidelines and nutrition education for the reduction of sodium intake by eating areas need to be developed and provided.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrients intake and levels of three elements (iron, copper and zinc) in the plasma of breast cancer patients to those in healthy controls. Patients (n = 97) and their age-matched healthy control groups (n = 97) participated in the study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire specifically formulated to evaluate the consumption of nutrients was used to estimate dietary intake. Only plasma was taken from the 20 patients and their age-matched healthy control group. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, ratio of Cu/Zn were measured in both groups. Results showed that patients consumed significantly lower protein, fat, iron. Plasma level of copper and ratio of Cu/Zn were significantly higher in patients compared to those of controls. In conclusion, change of trace elements in plasma might be useful and significant as biomakers involving the initial process. And these results imply that trace elements status is a factor related to breast cancer risk and suggest that proper intake of those nutrients is required for cancer prevention.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.115-123
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• 2005

This study was performed to compare dietary behaviors based on residence types of female college students. Self reports on dietary behavior and one-day dietary records were obtained from 227 female college students using anonymous questionnaires. The mean age of the subjects was $20.4{\pm}1.43$, and the height and weight were $162.5{\pm}4.8cm$ and $52.3{\pm}7.9kg$, respectively, The dietary behavior of female college students was inadequate, showing indifference to dietary balance, irregularity of meals, skipping breakfast, and high experience of drinking. One-day dietary records were obtained from 24k recall methods also showed a high number registering skipped meal status ($55.3\%$) and less diverse food intake (DVS, 12.5; DDS, 3.93). The students in self boarding residence were especially more likely not to eat properly and their dietary behaviors were found to be significantly poor. In the case of home residence, food intake frequency scores for milk and dairy products, fruits, and fishes were significantly higher, however the students in self boarding residences showed high food intake frequency scores in salted food, retort food, canned food, and especially instant ramyun. Therefore, more attention needs to be given to them to recognize the problems in their own dietary behaviors and more practical nutritional supports, like developing a menu for breakfast in college cafeterias, would be helpful to improve their dietary choices.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the differences in food choice, nutrition labeling perceptions, and prevalence of obesity due to meal skipping in Korean elementary school children. A national survey was performed in 2010 to collect data on food intake frequency, understanding of nutrition labeling, and body mass index from 2,335 fifth grade students in 118 elementary schools selected from 16 metropolitan local governments by stratified cluster sampling. The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 and SUDAAN 10.0 packages. Students who consumed three meals for 6-7 days during the past week were classified into the regular meal eating (RM) group (n = 1,476) and those who did not were placed into the meal skipping (MS) group (n = 859). The daily intake frequency of fruits, vegetables, kimchi, and milk was significantly lower in the MS group compared to that in the RM group (P < 0.001), whereas the daily intake frequency of soft drinks and instant noodles (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the MS group than that in the RM group (P < 0.05). The MS group demonstrated a significantly lower degree of understanding with regard to nutrition labeling and high calorie foods containing low nutritional value than that in the RM group. The distribution of obesity based on the percentile criteria using the Korean growth chart was different between the MS and RM groups. The MS group (8.97%) had a higher percentage of obese subjects than that in the RM group (5.38%). In conclusion, meal skipping was related to poor food choice, low perception of nutrition labeling, and a high prevalence of obesity in Korean fifth grade children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.662-669
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related disease are drawing a lot of attention in Korea as one of the serious health problems. Bone health status may be influenced by the general dietary quality and dietary pattern. SUBJECTS/METHODS: To determine the relationship between dietary quality and intake patterns and bone health status, the %RNI, NAR, DDS, and food group intake patterns were assessed according to their bone health status for 847 postmenopausal women using the 2010 KNHANES data after eliminating those of likely changing their diet under the advice of doctors or those taking estrogen. RESULTS: Bone health became worse as dietary quality deteriorated. All NAR and %RNI values were highly associated with bone health levels and the consumption frequency of Ca sources, DDS and the food group intake patterns also confirmed the findings. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that dietary quality and dietary patterns were important for bone health. Nutritional education on eating foods from the five basic food groups has to be emphasized to prevent osteoporosis among older women.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2003

This study was done to investigate the relationship of socioeconomic status and food intake to cognitive status of the older population. The subjects of this study consisted of 214 older persons aged 60 - 84 years. Interviews were conducted using the health-related habits and food frequency questionnaires to provide basic information for nutrition education program. We evaluated the current food consumption-pattern and cognitive status of the subjects. The results of this study were as follows： Mean age of the subjects was 69.7${\pm}$7.4 years. The average cognitive function score of the subjects was 7.9${\pm}$2.0 (full score was 10.0). Male had a higher cognitive status score than female. There was significant difference between cognitive status score and age, education level, pocket money, physical activity and family type. The subjects who had a higher cognitive status score ate more fish and meats group and milk and milk products than the subjects that had a lower cognitive status score. These results have demonstrated that various socioeconomic variables and food intake pattern affect on cognitive status with aging and suggest that proper nutrition education and adequate nutrient intake in quality and quantity are essential in maintaining cognitive status in later life.