• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1994

An one dimensional atmosphere-vegetation interaction model is developed to discuss of the effect of vegetation on heat flux in mesoscale planetary boundary layer. The canopy model was a coupled system of three balance equations of energy, moisture at ground surface and energy state of canopy with three independent variables of $T_f$(foliage temperature), $T_g$(ground temperature) and $q_g$(ground specific humidity). The model was verified by comparative study with OSUID(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HYPEX-MOBHLY experiment. As the result, both vegetation and soil characteristics can be emphasized as an important factor iii the analysis of heat flux in the boundary layer. From the numerical experiments, following heat flux characteristics are clearly founded simulation. The larger shielding factor(vegetation) increase of $T_f$ while decrease $T_g$. because vegetation cut solar radiation to ground. Vegetation, the increase of roughness and resistance, increase of sensible heat flux in foliage while decrease the latent heat flux in the foliage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The present study elucidated the growth properties of Sasa borealis communities distributed in the lower layer of deciduous broadleaf forests in temperate zones and analyzed the correlation between the growth properties of S. borealis and positional environmental factors. The higher the culm height of S. borealis was, the higher the values of the leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness became. This might be because as the culm height of S. borealis increased, the acquisition of light sources became easier so that the biomass of leaves increased simultaneously for smooth anabolism. S. borealis seem to change their growth mode for smooth acquisition of light resources. The culm density of S. borealis and the leaf number, leaf area and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis did not show any clear correlation. The values of the culm height, leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased. It seems like that growth conditions such as temperatures and winds are deteriorated as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased so that S. borealis becomes smaller. No clear correlations were shown between the physiochemical properties of soil and S. borealis' growth properties. It seems like that the growth of S. borealis complexly intertwined with diverse environmental factors and that due to the physiological integration of S. borealis, certain physiochemical properties do not unilaterally affect S. borealis' growth properties.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

This study is to find out the major design variables of Green roof system effecting on the building energy consumption. Therefore, in three categories of green roof system, namely, foliage layer, soil layer and irrigation, 10 design variables are selected and simulated with one-story case building. Simulation is carried out with Design Builder and EnergyPlus. Finally, it was found out the effects of major variables affecting on the building heating and cooling energy and how they are affecting on the heating and cooling seasons respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.605-613
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• 2003

In order to make use of the protection effect against wind by the vegetation, it examined whether it should make what vegetation form and arrangement using the 2-dimensional non-hydrostatic model. When the foliage shielding factor increases, it becomes hard to take in protection effect against wind in a residential section. When it makes height of vegetation high, it becomes hard to take in protection effect against wind with height. In the comparison in the case where vegetation high is gradually made low toward wind-stream from a vegetation, and the case of making it low gradually, although former tends to receive the protection effect against wind by the vegetation, attenuation of wind velicity becomes large. In the comparison in the case where foliage shielding factor and distribution of density of leaf are gathered gradually toward wind-stream from a vegetation. It has been understood to evaluate to height the influence that the vegetation multi-layer model by which the heat revenue and expenditure in the direction of the vegetation height is considered is used, and to characterize the vegetation group by the parameter setting.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1999

The community structure, phytomass, and primary productivity in Thuja orientalis stands on a limestone area located in Maepo-up, Chungbuk province in Korea were estimated quantitatively. Seven species including a small proportion of Quercus dentata were identified in the tree layer, 26 species including Ulmus macrocarpa in the shrub layer, and 79 species including Carex lnceolata in the herb layer of the Thuja stands. The vertical distribution of the fine root phytomass exhibited a power functional decrease relative to the soil depth. The seasonal changes in the fine root phytomass at a soil depth of 5 cm were closely related to the pecipitation in the study area. The productivity of the stand of stems, branches, leaves, and roots were 10.72, 0.82, 0.45 and 6.46 ton DM. $ha^{-1}$ .$yr^{-1}$, respectively. The Thuja stand had a high foliage(25%) and low rate of production per unit of foliage. The annual turnover rate of the fine roots int he Thuja stand was 6.71 $yr^{-1}$. The net primary production of the overstory including the understory was estimated at 19.48 ton DM.$ha^{-1}$.$yr^{-1}$ including an underground section of 6.46 ton DM.$ha^{-1}$.$yr^{-1}$(33%). The allocation ratio of net production to root was lower in the limestone Thuja communities than at the nearby non-limestone ones, whereas the production efficiency to leaf weight was higher in the limestone communities. These results would seem to indicate that the limited production capacity is due to the calcium toxicity and low availability of iron and phosphorus in a limestone soil with a high pH, calcium, and bicarbonate content with a strategy for survival in a hostile habitat.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.727-738
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• 1996

An one dimensional atmosphere-canopy-soil interaction model is developed to estimate of the heat budget parameter in the atmospheric boundary layer. The canopy model is composed of the three balance equations of energy, temperature, moisture at ground surface and canopy layer with three independent variables of Tf(foliage temperature), Tg(ground temperature), and qg(ground specific humidity). The model was verilied by comparative study with OSUID(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment. Also we applied this model in two dimensional land-sea breeze circulation. According to the results of this study, surface characteristics considering canopy acted importantly upon the simulation of meso-scale circulation. The factors which used in the numerical experiment are as follows ; the change for a sort of soil(sand and peat), the change for shielding factor, and the change for a kind of vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fragmentation on the bird community in Seongduck-ri and Hanggum-ri agricultural landscapes of Kangha-myon, Yangpyong-gun, Kyonggido. We analyzed the composition of tree species, forest environmental structures, structures of agricultural landscapes, avifaunas and guild structures. Number and density of tree species ranging from 6 to 10cm in D.B.H. were high in Seongduck-ri, but basal area was high in Hanggum-ri. Coverages of foliage layers under two meters and over 12 meters were high in Hanggum-ri. Meanwhile, Seongduck-ri agricultural landscapes consisted of twelve patches, dominated by Larix leptolepsis and Robinia pseudoacacia Hanggum-ri landscapes was composed of eleven patches, and dominated by Pinus rigida, Castanea crenate, Larix leptolepsis and paddy field. Dominant bird species showed the same order in two study areas, thirty-six species of birds were observed in Hanggum-ri landscapes, but twenty species were in Seongduck-ri landscapes. Number of species and density belonging to hole-, bush-, ground-nesting and water-, bush-, ground-foraging guild were high in Hanggum-ri landscapes. Number of species and density belonging to hole-nesting guild showed the high value in Hanggum-ri landscapes that was not fragmented. It could be attributed to the low human disturbance and relative high density of medium and large trees in D.B.H. Also, number of species and density belonging to bush-, ground- and water- foraging guild showed the high value in Hanggum-ri landscapes that had the high foliage amounts in the foliage layer under two meters. It will be related with the paddy field, dry field and brook, which patches covered the 28.4% of Hanggum-ri landscapes. Therefore, road not only dominate the heterogeneous patch in agricultural landscapes, but also easily cause the human disturbance. Thus, road construction would decrease the natural patch diversity and edge effects that are important for sustaining the diverse avifauna in agricultural landscapes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.665-673
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• 1998

This study was conducted to clarified the relationship between bird community and forest structure and present the counterplan for protection and management of bird community from February 1993 to July 1995 at deciduous and coniferous forest within Mt. Nam area, Seoul, Korea. DBH distribution has not significant differences in each study site. Deciduous forest had more foliage coverage in all layers than coniferous forest. Total 41 species of birds, which were 16 species of resident, 14 species of summer visitor, 4 species of winter visitor, and 7 species of passage migrant were recrded in two study sites. Leaf use rate of birds was increased the increase of coverage. The number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and diversity index were greater in deciduous forest than coniferous forest. The number of species and pairs on bush-nesting and foraging guild were greater than other guilds. And the nuber of species and pairs on hole nesting guild were the fewest in nesting guild. Use rate of artificial nests for improvement of habitat quality was greater in coniferous forest than deciduous forest. Maintenance of bush layer, increase of coverage and leaf layer diversity, supply of artificial nests, management of large trees, and control of natural enemy were necessary for protection and management of bird community in Mt. nam area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-154
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• 1999

To verify the accuracy of the numerical experiment of Part I, measurements at the matured rice canopy located around Junam reservoir were performed at August 14, 1995. According to the measured data, the foliage temperature recorded the highest value, and the ground temperature was the lowest around noon, and these results coincided with those of the numerical experiment using the combined model of Part I. From the estimation using measured data, the maximum value of the latent heat flux was 380$Wm^2$, the highest value among energy balance terms, and the energy redistribution ratio of the latent heat flux was averaged as 0.5, the highest values among redistribution ratios. These results are the same as those of the numerical experiment in tendency, but they reveals a little lower in the absolute values than those from the numerical experiment.