• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 1991

In the study of the focal trough of panoramic radiograph using Panoura Eight-S (the Yoshida company), a series of 63 X-ray films were taken with the 8-19 metal pins placed in the holes of the plastic model plate and evaluated by 4 observers. The author analized the focal trough defined by the sharpness criteria and calculated dimension of focal trough in the horizontal plane. The results were as follows; 1. Focal trough was not continued in the anterior region within a very high degree of sharpness. 2. With optional sharpness, the width of anterior and posterior focal trough was approximately l3㎜ and 60㎜ respectively. 3. The focal trough was narrow in the anterior region and was flared laterally with symmetry in posterior region. 4. Sharp image began to show at the position of 18㎜ posteriorly from the most anterior position of chin rest.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1982

In the study of the focal trough of panoramic radiograph, using the Moritta compony Panex-EC a series of 48 exposures were: taken with the 6-18 brass pins placed in the holes of the plastic model plate, then eveluated by 4 observers. The author analyzed the focal trough defined by the sharpness criteria and calcuated the vertical and horizontal magnification range in the corrected focal trough. The results were as follows; 1. Continuous focal trough was not defined in the anterior region using a very high degree of sharpness. 2. As degree of sharpness used in the analysis became less, focal trough was continuous in the anterior and posterior regions, symmetrized bilaterally, and the widths of the focal trough increased more in the posterior region. e. As sharpness criteria were reduced, the percentage range of image magnification increased on both vertical and horizontal magnification, and especially the percentage range of horizontal magnification was greater than that of vertical magnification.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 1991

In the study of magnification of image in the focal trough of panoramic radiography, (Yoshida company Panoura - Eight - s), a series of 63 x-ray films were taken with the 8-19 metal pins placed in the holes of the plastic plate, measured and evaluated by 4 observes. The author analyzed the vertical and horizontal magnification rate in the corrected focal trough. Results were as follows: 1. For vertial measurements, magnification rates were minimum 10% maximum 36% and the magnification for image of medial side was larger than that of image of lateral side from image layer. 2. For horizontal measurements, magnification rates were minimum-14% maximum 46% and images of medial side from focal trough were magnified and images of lateral side from focal trough were retrenched. 3. When moved 10㎜ downward occlusal layer, interspace was somewhat narrow between the pins and upper sides of pins were horizontally magnified but images of the end parts of pins showed tapered form. 4. When moved 10㎜ downward from the occlusal layer, opposite images showed overlapping.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2004

Purpose: To make a focal trough (image layer) for an average maxillary dental arch of 6-year-old korean in panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods : Phantom for the maxillary dental arch was designed using intercanine width, intermolar width, tooth size, and interdental spacing to record the data of 6-year-old child. The characteristics of pre-corrected panoramic machine (for adult) was evaluated using the phantom, resolution test pattern for margin of the image layer, and metal ball for the center of the image layer. Panoramic image layer of the child was developed by means of decreasing the speed of film-cassette and positioning the phantom backwards, and then the characteristics of post-corrected panoramic machine (for child) were reevaluated. Results: At post-corrected panoramic image layer, beam projection angles at all interdental areas increased for about 2.6-3.8°, the position of the image layer was shifted toward the rotation center for about 2.5 mm at the deciduous central incisior area. The width of image layer decreased at all areas. Conclusion : Increased beam projection angle will reduce the disadvantage of tooth overlap, and the same form between the center of the image layer and dental arch will improve image resolution.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.160-176
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• 2017

The interaction of focused wave groups with a vertical wall is investigated based on the second order potential theory. The NewWave theory, which represents the most probable surface elevation under a large crest, is adopted. The analytical solutions of the surface elevation, velocity potential and wave force exerted on the vertical wall are derived, up to the second order. Then, a parametric study is made on the interaction between nonlinear focused wave groups and a vertical wall by considering the effects of angles of incidence, wave steepness, focal positions, water depth, frequency bandwidth and the peak lifting factor. Results show that the wave force on the vertical wall for obliquely-incident wave groups is larger than that for normally-incident waves. The normalized peak crest of wave forces reduces with the increase of wave steepness. With the increase of the distance of focal positions from the vertical wall, the peak crest of surface elevation, although fluctuates, decreases gradually. Both the normalized peak crest and adjacent crest and trough of wave forces become larger for shallower water depth. For focused wave groups reflected by a vertical wall, the frequency bandwidth has little effects on the peak crest of wave elevation or forces, but the adjacent crest and trough become smaller for larger frequency bandwidth. There is no significant change of the peak crest and adjacent trough of surface elevation and wave forces for variation of the peak lifting factor. However, the adjacent crest increases with the increase of the peak lifting factor.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2021

Background: Many chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients receiving monotherapy continue to experience symptoms, exacerbations and poor quality of life. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of direct switch from once-daily tiotropium (TIO) 18 ㎍ to indacaterol/glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) 110/50 ㎍ once daily in COPD patients in Korea. Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, parallel group, 12-week trial in mild-to-moderate COPD patients who received TIO 18 ㎍ once daily for ≥12 weeks prior to study initiation. Patients aged ≥40 years, with predicted post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) ≥50%, post-bronchodilator FEV₁/forced vital capacity <0.7 and smoking history of ≥10 pack-years were included. Eligible patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either IND/GLY or TIO. The primary objective was to demonstrate superiority of IND/GLY over TIO in pre-dose trough FEV₁ at week 12. Secondary endpoints included transition dyspnea index (TDI) focal score, COPD assessment test (CAT) total score, and rescue medication use following the 12-week treatment, and safety assessment. Results: Of the 442 patients screened, 379 were randomized and 347 completed the study. IND/GLY demonstrated superiority in pre-dose trough FEV₁ versus TIO at week 12 (least squares mean treatment difference [Δ], 50 mL; p=0.013). Also, numerical improvements were observed with IND/GLY in the TDI focal score (Δ, 0.31), CAT total score (Δ, -0.81), and rescue medication use (Δ, -0.09 puffs/day). Both treatments were well tolerated by patients. Conclusion: A direct switch from TIO to IND/GLY provided improvements in lung function and other patient-reported outcomes with an acceptable safety profile in patients with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 1990

Panoramic radiography is convenient in clinic and visualizes those areas which other technique do not give. But the technique has limitation of image distortion which results from the relationship of the ramus to the focal trough and from the direction of the central ray. This study is, using 7 dry skulls, to determine the effect of rotation of patient's head on reducing those distortion and determine the magnification ratio of images of mandibular condyle in rotated patient head position. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Generally, in panoramic radiography the anterolateral portion of the mandibular condyle was best to be visualized. 2. There are no significant difference between the image readability of anteromedial portion and that of anterocentral portion of the mandibular condyle. 3. Anterolateral portion of the mandibular condyle was better visualized in rotated head position by 20 degree or horizontal condylar inclination than in conventional position or in rotated head position by 10 degree. 4. The magnification ratio of the anteroposterior diameter in the image of mandibular condyle was least in the rotated head position by horizontal inclination of the mandibular condyle and was largest by 20 degree.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Professionals performing radiographic examinations are responsible for maintaining optimal image quality for accurate diagnoses. These professionals must competently execute techniques such as film manipulation and processing to minimize patient exposure to radiation. Improper performance by the professional and/or patient may result in a radiographic image of unsatisfactory quality that can also lead to a misdiagnosis and the development of an inadequate treatment plan. Currently, the most commonly performed extraoral examination is panoramic radiography. The invention of panoramic radiography has resulted in improvements in image quality with decreased exposure to radiation and at a low cost. However, this technique requires careful, accurate positioning of the patient's teeth and surrounding maxillofacial bone structure within the focal trough. Therefore, we reviewed the literature for the most common types of positioning errors in panoramic radiography to suggest the correct techniques. We would also discuss how to determine if the most common positioning errors occurred in panoramic radiography, such as in the positioning of the patient's head, tongue, chin, or body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.599-609
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• 2008

Development of computer and electronic technology leads innovative progress in spatial informatics and successful commercialization. Geospatial information technology plays an important role in decision making in various applications. However, information display media are two-dimensional plane that limits visual perception. Understanding human visual processing mechanism to percept stereo vision makes possible to implement three-dimensional stereo image display. This paper proposes on-the-fly stereo image generation methods that are involved with various exterior and camera parameters including exposure station, viewing direction, image size, overlap and focal length. Collinearity equations and parameters related with stereo viewing conditions were solved to generate realisitc stereo imagery. In addition stereo flying simulation scenery was generated with different viewing locations and directions. The stereo viewing is based on the parallax principle of two veiwing locations. This study implemented anaglyphic stereogram, polarization and lenticular stereo display methods. Existing display technology has limitation to provide visual information of three-dimensional and dynamic nature of the real world because the 3D spatial information is projected into 2D plane. Therefore, stereo display methods developed in this study improves geospatial information and applications of GIS by realistic stereo visualization.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the series of panoramic radiograph of implant patients using the system to measure peri-implant crestal bone loss according to the elapsed time from fixture installation time to more than three years. Methods: Choose 10 patients having 45 implant fixtures installed, which have series of panoramic radiograph in the period to be analyzed by the system. Then, calculated the crestal bone depth and statistics and selected the implant in concerned by clicking the implant of image shown on the monitor by the implemented pattern recognition system. Then, the system recognized the x, y coordination of the implant and peri-implant alveolar crest, and calculated the distance between the approximated line of implant fixture and alveolar crest. By applying pattern recognition to periodic panoramic radiographs, we attained the results and made a comparison with the results of preceded articles concerning peri-implant marginal bone loss. Analyzing peri-implant crestal bone loss in a regression analysis periodic filmed panoramic radiograph, logarithmic approximation had highest $R^2$ value, and the equation is as shown below. $y=0.245Logx{\pm}0.42$, $R^2=0.53$, unit: month (x), mm (y) Results: Panoramic radiograph is a more wide-scoped view compared with the periapical radiograph in the same resolution. Therefore, there was not enough information in the radiograph in local area. Anterior portion of many radiographs was out of the focal trough and blurred precluding the accurate recognition by the system, and many implants were overlapped with the adjacent structures, in which the alveolar crest was impossible to find. Conclusion: Considering the earlier objective and error, we expect better results from an analysis of periapical radiograph than panoramic radiograph. Implementing additional function, we expect high extensibility of pattern recognition system as a diagnostic tool to evaluate implant-bone integration, calculate length from fixture to inferior alveolar nerve, and from fixture to base of the maxillary sinus.