• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2020

Using 8,499 observations from 5 years-1,878 firms panel data during 2014 to 2018 in Korean stock exchanges, this study examines the impact of National Pension's ownership on corporate philanthropic giving. The empirical study finds that National Pension's ownership has positive relations with the extent of corporate philanthropic giving in terms of the amounts per employee, the expenditures with respect to total asset and total sales, implying that National Pension plays a monitoring role in promoting target firms to increase the extent of corporate philanthropic giving, which lead to increase in target firms' long-term values. The empirical study also finds that when National Pension is a blockholder holding more than 5% ownership in the target firms, it has positive relations with the extent of corporate philanthropic giving in terms of the amounts per employee, the expenditures with respect to total asset, implying that it exercises disciplinary roles on focal firms in promoting the extent of corporate philanthropic giving in order to increase target firms' long-term values. The results overall support that National Pension plays positive effects on target firms in promoting the extent of corporate philanthropic giving, which lead to increase in target firms' long-term values.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.659-662
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• 2009

The Korea Institute of Oriental White Stork Rehabilitation Research (KIOWSRR) is breeding oriental white storks for residential rehabilitation in South Korea. Three oriental white storks were referred with anorexia and depression. Two storks were died before examinations and one stork was died after 1 day of fluid therapy. On necropsy, salmon-colored subcutaneous and visceral fats were examined in all storks. Multiple focal necroses on liver surface were also examined. In gizzards, many gravels and grasses were severely tangled; therefore, it produced a large mass that blocked digestive system of the storks. Small intestinal segments of the stork, which was dead after the fluid therapy, were severely adhesive. On histopathology, diffuse necroses with/without inflammation were examined in the liver, gizzard and intestine in all storks. Bile stasis was additionally examined in the liver. According to the results of the examinations, all storks were diagnosed as gizzard impaction caused by parorexia.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2009

Objective : Intracranial aneurysms are sometimes presented with visual symptoms by their rupture or direct compression of the optic nerve. It is because their prevalent sites are anatomically located close to the optic pathway. Anterior communicating artery is especially located in close proximity to optic nerve. Aneurysm arising in this area can produce visual symptoms according to their direction while the size is small. Clinical importance of visual symptoms presented by aneurysmal optic nerve compression is stressed in this study. Methods : Retrospective analysis of ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms compressing optic apparatus were carried out. Total 33 cases were enrolled in this study. Optic nerve compression of the aneurysms was confirmed by the surgical fields. Results : In 33 cases among 351 cases of ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms treated surgically, from 1991 to 2000, the dome of aneurysm was compressed in optic pathway. In some cases, aneurysm impacted into the optic nerve that deep hollowness was found when the aneurysm sac was removed during operation. Among 33 cases, 10 cases presented with preoperative visual symptoms, such as visual dimness (5), unilateral visual field defect (2) or unilateral visual loss (3), 20 cases had no visual symptoms. Visual symptoms could not be checked in 3 cases due to the poor mental state. In 6 cases among 20 cases having no visual symptoms, optic nerve was deeply compressed by the dome of aneurysm which was seen in the surgical field. Of 10 patients who had visual symptoms, 8 showed improvement in visual symptoms within 6 months after clipping of aneurysms. In 2 cases, the visual symptoms did not recover. Conclusion : Anterior communicating artery aneurysm can cause visual symptoms by compressing the optic nerve or direct rupture to the optic nerve with focal hematoma formation. We emphasize that cerebral vascular study is highly recommended to detect intracranial aneurysm before its rupture in the case of normal CT findings with visual symptoms and frequent headache.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 1985

A total of 1-0 colostrum-deprived pigs (1 or 2-day-old) and 6 pigs (35-day-old), which had been raised by natural maternal nursing, were used to study the pathogenicity of the porcine enteroviruses by the intracerebral and intramuscular routes of inoculation, which the enterovirus were isolated from the diseased pigs in Korea. The porcine enteroviruses produced an identical polioencephalomyelitis in colostrum-deprived pigs and 35-day-old pigs, which manifested clinical signs and histopathological changes. Clinically it was characterized by incoordination, rise in rectal temperature, ataxia, flaccid paralysis in all the experimental groups. Histopathologically, the lesions were present in both grey and white matter at all levels of central nervous system, though usually more severe in the grey matter. These changes were characterized by meningeal infiltration, degeneration of nerve cells, neuronophagia, diffuse and focal gliosis, glial nodules and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations. Ganglionitis of the dorsal root ganglia was frequently observed. On the basis of the clinical and histopathological changes mentioned above, it was concluded that porcine enteroviruses isolated in Korea were pathogenic strains which could produce polioencephalomyelitis in pigs. The most severe Jisease was prcduced by the inoculation of both enterovirus and hog cholera vaccine in the 35-day-old pigs at a time when colostral immunity presumably was low. The porcine enterovirus infections seemed to be associated with certain stress factor such as hog cholera vaccine in or immediately following the weanling period.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 1992

Dogs were divided into 3 groups of two each; Bacillie Calmette-Guerin(BCG) pretreatment, M bovis only treatment and uninfected control group. BCG were vaccinated intradermally with 0.2ml before 3weeks of M bovis intraperitoneal infection. Infection at necropsy 4months later was readily in the both treated dogs. Histopathologically, the BCG pretreated dogs produce the moderate accumulation of macrophages and focal granuloma formation in the lung, whereas the M bovis only treared dogs produce the accumulation of predominantly macrophages, occasionaly polymorphonuclear cells and the more larger granuloma Bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was obtained and total and differential cell counts were examined. Total number of BAL cells harvested from uninfected dogs is lower compared with those of the both treated groups. The total cell number of M bovis only treated dogs were singificantly higher 1.8 times than that of the BCG pretreated dogs. The Fe receptor activity and the growth of organism in alveolar macrophages obtained from BCG pretreated dogs were compared with that in macrophages from M bovis only treated dogs. BCG vaccination resulted in substantial macrophage activation, measured as increased Fc receptor mediated phagocytosis and rosette formation, as wells as the inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria multiplication. However, actibated macrophages taken from BCG pretreated dogs are incapable of killing the M bovis. Thus, these results suggest that BCG pretrearment in the dog may produce a protective effect against tuberculosis because active alveolar macrophages have acquired antituberculous immunity, although few mycobacteria within the lung remain in a metabolically active state.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.408-413
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• 2010

Purpose : We aimed to prove the relative limitation of $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ scintigraphy (DMSA) compared to computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis (APN) in children. Methods : Since September 2006, after a 64-channel CT was imported, 10 DMSA false-negative patients have been identified: these patients underwent a CT scan for acute abdomen or acute febrile symptoms and were diagnosed as having APN; however, their DMSA scans were clear. We focused on these 10 DMSA false-negative patients and analyzed their clinical findings and CT results. We used Philips Brilliance Power 64-channel CT scanner for the CT scan and Siemens Orbitor Nuclear Camera 60 Hz for the DMSA scan. Results : The 10 DMSA false-negative patients were mostly males (80%) and infants (80%). They had fever for a mean of 1.1-day duration before admission and showed increase in acute reactants: leukocyte, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. The CT findings of renal lesions were focal in 6 (60%) cases and diffuse in 4 (40%) cases, and most of the lesions were unilateral in 80% of patients. CT proved that 22 renal lesions were neglected by DMSA. Differential renal function test by DMSA was also of no use in the evaluation of renal lesions. Conclusion : In this study, DMSA scan showed limitation in finding renal cortical lesions of CT-proven APN patients. DMSA false-negative results seem to occur at early-phase disease of infantile age, but more prospective studies are needed to determine the reasons and their prevalence.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and the Department of Astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin are developing a near infrared wide-band high resolution spectrograph, immersion grating infrared spectrometer (IGRINS). The compact white-pupil design of the instrument optics uses seven cryogenic mirrors, including three aspherical off-axis collimators and four flat fold mirrors. In this study, we introduce the optomechanical mount designs of three off-axis collimating mirrors and one flat slit-viewer fold mirror. Two of the off-axis collimators are serving as H and K-band pupil transfer mirrors, and are designed as system alignment compensators in combination with the H2RG focal plane array detectors in each channel. For this reason, the mount designs include tip-tilt and parallel translation adjustment mechanisms to properly perform the precision alignment function. This means that the off-axis mirrors' optomechanical mount designs are among the most sensitive tasks in all IGRINS system hardware. The other flat fold mirror is designed within its very limitedly allowed work space. This slit-viewer fold mirror is mounted with its own version of the six-point kinematic optics mount. The design work consists of a computer-aided 3D modeling and finite element analysis (FEA) technique to optimize the structural stability and the thermal behavior of the mount models. From the structural and thermal FEA studies, we conclude that the four IGRINS mirror mounts are well designed to meet all optical stability tolerances and system thermal requirements.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.67-79
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to accomplish three major research goals. First, it strives to change consumers' focus from peripheral routes to a central route of public service advertising related to the good health policy, without problematic effects, by influencing consumers' knowledge or involvement. Second, this study examines the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and construal level theory (CLT). Specifically, we consider that the central route of ELM might correspond with the focal goal of CLT. Third, this study analyzes ELM through CLT. That is, ELM predicted that low involvement would take the peripheral route, and high involvement would take the central route. Research design, data, and methodology - This study consisted of three experiments. The first experiment had a 2×2 between-subject design. The subjects were university students and the research period was approximately one year. The first independent variable was the involvement of the overweight issue; this variable was measured and split by the median. The second independent variable was the temporal distance (near vs. distant future); this variable was manipulated. The second experiment also had a 2×2 between-subject design. The first variable was the involvement of cervical adenocarcinoma prevention, and was considered already manipulated by sex. Specifically, males had a low involvement of the disease, but females had high involvement. The second independent variable was priming (power vs. submissive). Power priming would induce abstract thinking, but submissive priming would take concrete processing. The third experiment had a 2×2×2 between-subject design. The first variable was cognitive depletion, and was manipulated by memorizing 9-digit numbers. The second and third independent variables were involvement and abstract thinking induction, such as prior experiments. Data were collected through questionnaires, and were analyzed by an SPSS program. Major hypotheses were tested by examining the interaction effects through ANOVA. Results - Major findings are as follows. First, even for low-involved consumers in the overweight category, distant future manipulation induced them to focus not on the peripheral route but on the central route of the public service advertisement. This result does not correspond to the typical ELM prediction. Second, under power priming, low-involved males of the cervical adenocarcinoma category focused on the peripheral route because of the induction to abstract thinking. This result replicated the first experiment, and confirmed the theoretical robustness. Third, high-involved females focused not on the central but on the peripheral route under the mixed condition of cognitive depletion and near future manipulation. Depletion consumed cognitive resources, and the processing mode of consumers changed from systematic to heuristic. Conclusions - ELM needs to be complemented through CLT in context of public service good health advertising. Specifically, the involvement of ELM may impact consumers' thinking mode (abstract vs. concrete), and the interaction effects may influence consumers' focus on advertising (central vs. peripheral route). This study's limitations were bounded subjects, limited stimuli, and somewhat weak external validity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

An angular selectivity through the focused readout beam is geometrically analyzed and experimental results are presented. Based on the analysis of geometrical results, we derive a new relation that the angular selectivity depends on incident conditions of the readout beam and independent on the writing conditions. In order to demonstrate our theory, we investigate angular selectivity as functions of following factors: writing beam incident angle, readout beam width and lens focal length. From the experimental results, it is shown that the angular selectivities are 2.632$^{\circ}$, 2.618$^{\circ}$, 2.604$^{\circ}$ when the external half-crossing angles of writing beam are 8$^{\circ}$, 10$^{\circ}$, 14$^{\circ}$, respectively. Applying the same incident angle of the recording beam, angular selectivity is changed by the control of readout beam width and then their properties are 2.632$^{\circ}$, 0.588$^{\circ}$. From these results, we have known that the angular selectivity is very critical to incident conditions of readout beam.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2012

Purpose: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in human cancer and has been shown to participate in cancer metastasis. We compared the expression of CXCR4 in conventional high-grade and low-grade central osteosarcomas, and determined if an association between CXCR4 expression and prognosis could be made. Materials and Methods: We performed the immunohistochemistry for CXCR4 in a total of 63 patients with osteosarcoma and determined the relationships according to the clinicopathologic variables and overall survival rates. Results: CXCR4 was detected in 76.3% of conventional high-grade osteosarcoma patients and in 36% of low-grade central osteosarcomas. Diffuse expression was noted in 47.4% of the high-grade osteosarcomas and all low-grade cases were focal positive. CXCR4 expression was significantly correlated with histologic grade (p<0.0001). While overall survival rate was reduced significantly with increased CXCR4 expression (p=0.0058), higher histologic grade (p<0.0001), and younger age (p=0.0140), survival rate did not correlate with gender, tumor size, or AJCC stage. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CXCR4 expression is associated with higher-grade tumors and with poor prognosis for osteosarcoma patients.