• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 2009

The current focus of development in industrial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is integration of CFD into Computer-Aided product development, geometrical optimisation, robust design and similar. On the other hand, in CFD research aims to extend the boundaries of practical engineering use in "non-traditional" areas. Requirements of computational flexibility and code integration are contradictory: a change of coding paradigm, with object orientation, library components, equation mimicking is proposed as a way forward. This paper describes OpenFOAM, a C++ object oriented library for Computational Continuum Mechanics (CCM) developed by the author. Efficient and flexible implementation of complex physical models is achieved by mimicking the form of partial differential equation in software, with code functionality provided in library form. Open Source deployment and development model allows the user to achieve desired versatility in physical modeling without the sacrifice of complex geometry support and execution efficiency.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2014

Accurate simulation of free-surface wave flows around a ship is very important for better hull-form design. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, termed SNUFOAM, which is based on the open source libraries, OpenFOAM, was developed to predict the wave patterns around a ship. Additional anti-diffusion source term for minimizing a numerical diffusion, which was caused by convection differencing scheme, was considered in the volume-fraction transport equation. The influence of the anti-diffusion source term was tested by applying it to free-surface wave flow around the Wigley model ship. In results, the band width of the volume fraction contours between 0.1 to 0.9 at the hull surface was narrowed by considering the anti-diffusion term.

• 기술사
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.22-31
• /
• 1984

Sardine ant mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapicl dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added with adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$′) and dielectric loss ($\varepsilon$") vcalues of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100KHz and 15MHz were ranged 2.25∼9.86 ; 2.22∼4.18 for $\varepsilon$′ and 0.24∼19.24 ; 0.16∼1.25 for $\varepsilon$", respectively, at the moisture levels of 4.2∼13.8％. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of 20∼30% starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, 2∼4% salt, and 5∼10% soybean protein was adequate to yield 4∼5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of egg yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of 0.2∼0.5% sodium bicarbonate foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5∼0.7mm and foam density of 200∼400/$\textrm{cm}^2$ which gave a good crispness.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제56권6호
• /
• pp.515-522
• /
• 2019

Since Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is normally carried at 1.1 bar pressure and at -163℃, special Cargo Containment System (CCS) are used. As LNG carrier is becoming larger, typical LNG insulation systems adopt a method to increase the thickness of insulation panel to reduce sloshing load and Boil-off Rate (BOR). However, this will decrease LNG cargo volume and increase insulation material costs. In this paper, silica aerogel, glass bubble were synthesized in polyurethane foam to increase volumetric efficiency by improving mechanical and thermal performance of insulation. In order to increase dispersibility of particles, ultrasonic dispersion was used. Dynamic impact test, quasi-static compression test at room temperature (20℃) and cryogenic temperature (-163℃) was evaluated. To evaluate the thermal performance, the thermal conductivity at room temperature (20℃) was measured. As a result, specimens without ultrasonic dispersion have a little effect on strength under the compressive load, although they show high mechanical performance under the impact load. In contrast, specimens with ultrasonic dispersion have significantly increased impact strength and compressive strength. Recently, as the density of Polyurethane foam (PUF) has been increasing, these results can be a method for improving the mechanical and thermal performance of insulation panel.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
• /
• 제68권
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2018

In this study, transition metal coated carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized and applied as anode materials of Li secondary batteries. CNFs/Ni foam was immersed into 0.01 M transition metal solutions after growing CNFs on Ni foam via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Transition metal coated CNFs/Ni foam was dried in an oven at $80^{\circ}C$. Morphologies, compositions, and crystal quality of CNFs-transition metal composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Electrochemical characteristics of CNFs-transition metal composites as anodes of Li secondary batteries were investigated using a three-electrode cell. Transition metal/CNFs/Ni foam was directly employed as a working electrode without any binder. Lithium foil was used as both counter and reference electrodes while 1 M $LiClO_4$ was employed as the electrolyte after it was dissolved in a mixture of propylene carbonate:ethylene carbonate (PC:EC) at 1:1 volume ratio. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and cyclic voltammetry measurements were taken at room temperature using a battery tester. In particular, the capacity of the synthesized CNFs-Fe was improved compared to that of CNFs. After 30 cycles, the capacity of CNFs-Fe was increased by 78%. Among four transition metals of Fe, Cu, Co and Ni coated on carbon nanofibers, the retention rate of CNFs-Fe was the highest at 41%. The initial capacity of CNFs-Fe with 670 mAh/g was reduced to 275 mAh/g after 30 cycles.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2004

현장규모 (8.6${\times}$2.5${\times}$2.4 m) 및 파이롯트규모 (1.39${\times}$0.89${\times}$0.89 m)의 고온호기산화장치를 이용하여 공기투입량 및 처리온도에 따른 양돈분뇨의 감량화 효율을 검토하였다. 현장규모에서 공기투입장치, 거품제거장치의 설치조건이 양돈슬러리 증발량과 처리온도에 모두 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 현장규모 연구는 3가지의 처리방법 (처리A:공기공급량 120㎥/h, 수중펌프 2대, 소포장치2대: 처리 B: 공기공급량 180㎥/h, 수중펌프 3대, 소포장치 3대; 처리C: 공기공급량 180㎥/h, 수중펌프 3대, 소포장치 4대)으로 실행되었다. 1일 5㎥ 양돈슬러리를 동일하게 투입하면서 얻어진 연구결과, 수위변화, 온도변화 및 증발량은 각각 처리A: 50∼100cm, 31∼$64^{\circ}C$, 55L/$\m^2$ㆍday, 처리B: 40∼90cm, 29∼$52^{\circ}C$, 75L/$\m^2$ㆍday, 처리C: 40∼70cm, 45∼$54^{\circ}C$, 120L/$\m^2$ㆍday이었다. 한편 파이롯트 규모 연구는 반 연속식으로 양돈분뇨를 투입하면서 매일 투입량을 처리1: 50L/2h, 처리2: 50L/3h, 처리3: 40L/3h, 처리4: 60L/4h으로 하여 최대 슬러리 감량조건을 도출하기 위해 수행하였다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 항만매립 및 지하매설물 뒷채움재로 사용할 수 있는 혼화재를 다량 치환한 경량기포혼합토 콘크리트의 특성을 평가하기 위해 3개의 그룹으로 나누어 실험하였다. 경량기포혼합토 콘크리트의 지속가능성, 유동성 및 압축강도 발현을 고려하여 선택한 결합재는 20%의 보통보틀랜트시멘트와 15%의 플라이 애쉬 65%의 고로슬래그이다. 목표 압축강도 1 MPa와 절건밀도 1,000kg/m3을 고려하여 선택한 주요 실험변수로서 단위 고체량 (준설토와 결합재)은 900kg/m3에서 1,807kg/m3까지 증가하였고, 준설토-결합재비 는 3.0, 5.0 및 7.0이었다. 실험결과 혼화재를 다량 치환한 경량기포혼합토 콘크리트의 플로우와 준설토와 결합재량이 증가하면 감소하였다. 경량기포혼합토 콘크리트의 압축강도는 준설토와 결합재량이 증가하면 증가하는 반면, 준설토-결합재비가 증가하면 감소하였다. 결과적으로 경량기포혼합토 콘크리트의 압축강도는 밀도와 준설토-결합재 비의 함수로 제시될 수 있었다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.332-349
• /
• 2016

OLAFOAM은 파동역학의 시뮬레이션을 위하여 $OpenFOAM^{(R)}$을 확장한 강력한 CFD코드이며, $OpenFOAM^{(R)}$은 다양한 분야에서 각각 수치계산의 목적에 대응할 수 있도록 많은 Solver를 제공하고 있다. OLAFOAM의 기본방정식은 VARANS식에 기초하고, 수치기법으로는 유한체적법을 적용하며, 프로그램은 C++로 코딩되어 Linux운영체제에서 실행된다. 본 연구는 OLAFOAM을 이용하여 먼저 1) 단파와 규칙파하 투과성구조물에서 파의 변형, 2) 규칙파하 잠제에 의한 파의 변형 및 3) 흐름하 규칙파의 변형과 연직유속분포에 대해 기존의 각 실험결과와 비교 검토하여 OLAFOAM의 타당성을 검증하였다. 이로부터 지금까지 거의 검토되지 않은 규칙파와 흐름의 공존장에 설치된 투과성잠제에 대해 배후경사면을 불투과성 혹은 투과성으로 고려한 경우 흐름방향 등의 변화에 따른 잠제 주변에서 수위, 파고, 주파수스펙트럼, 쇄파, 평균유속 및 난류운동에너지 등의 변동특성을 면밀히 검토하였다. 결과로부터 흐름방향(순방향과 역방향)에 따른 파고변화는 난류운동에너지와 밀접한 관계를 가지는 것 등을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.18-25
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서는 스테인리스 스틸 AOD 슬래그를 이용한 폼 콘크리트의 역학적 및 탄소포집 성능을 조사하였다. AOD 슬래그 바인더로 사용하며 기포율이 69 ± 0.5%이고, 슬러리 밀도는 573.2 ~ 578.6 kg/㎥인 폼 콘크리트를 제작하였다. 탄산화에 의한 영향을 살펴보기 위해 배합을 마친 폼 콘크리트는 일반 양생 및 탄산화 양생 두 가지로 하였다. 압축강도 측정결과 Plain 시편에 비해 AOD 슬래그를 30% 치환한 ST30 시편은 탄산화 양생에 따라 강도가 증가하였다. 폼 콘크리트의 이미지 분석결과에서도 ST30시편이 Plain시편 보다 공극률이 낮으며 평균 공극 크기도 작아 압축강도가 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 SEM 분석을 통하여 AOD 슬래그의 탄산화에 의한 탄산칼슘의 생성을 확인하였다. TGA분석을 통해 AOD 슬래그의 혼입으로 CO₂ uptake의 증가를 확인하였다. 폼 콘크리트는 일반 콘크리트에 비해 공극률이 높으므로 AOD 슬래그를 이용하면 탄산화 속도가 빨라 탄소 포집 성능 향상을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.62-65
• /
• 1995

New compounds of melaminium 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methoxy-sulfate have been synthesized and characterized by means of chemical analysis, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopies. When the compounds are subjected to an open flame, they foam without melting to produce a light char with about 50 times volume of the initial compounds. The evaluation of these flame-retardants proves to be efficient for polypropylene. Thermogravimetric analysis discloses that the compounds are also thermally stable for compounding into polypropylene without decomposition.