• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.240.2-241
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• 2001

• 셀메드
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.2.1-2.1
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• 2019

Depression is common psychiatric diseases characterized by diverse physical and emotional symptoms including low mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, and feelings of worthlessness. Depression causes of death and disability. The first antidepressant was created by the idea that central serotonin mechanism. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine is the first-line drug in the treatment of depressive disorder and their few side effects as opposed to tricyclic antidepressants. Not all people with depression respond adequately to standard treatments. Korean music playing/listening actions appear to be a reliable approach to developing recovery from depression.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the dissolution patterns of variety of orally administered drug products available on the market. It aimed to understand their dissolution behaviors on the basis of the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) concept. On the tenets of BCS, several active pharmaceutical ingredients were selected: fluoxetine hydrochloride (class I), naproxen sodium (class ll), pyridostigmine bromide (class III), furosemide (class IV) and simvastatin (class IV). Typical dissolution media used in this study were pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers, and water. In cases, particular dissolution media specified in the KP and/or USP were used. Dissolution patterns of fluoxetine hydrochloride and pyridostigmine bromide products were characterized by their rapid release In addition, their dissolution characteristics were relatively unaffected by the type of a dissolution medium. Similar dissolution patterns were observed with pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers and water. By sharp contrast, poor dissolution patterns were noticed with naproxen sodium products, when pH 1.2 and pH 4 phosphate buffer were used. Improvements in its dissolution were achieved by switching the dissolution media to pH 6.8 phosphate buffer or water. Unsatisfactory dissolution data also were observed with a simvastatin product, when it was subject to dissolution tests by use of a surfactant-free pH 1.2, pH 4 & 6.8 phosphate buffers and water. All the release patterns reported in this study were best understood when BCS concepts were implemented. Our results demonstrated that a BCS-based drug classification should be considered first to choose a dissolution test/method and set up dissolution specification.

• 약학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2013

A total of 2,080 forensic autopsies in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi province were performed by the National Forensic Service (NFS) in 2010. After analysing blood samples collected at autopsies by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, the types and prevalence of drugs and poisons in blood were investigated using our laboratory information management system. Among 2,080 cases, 1,061 cases (51%) were positive for drugs and poisons. Surprisingly, antidepressants were identified in 137 cases which comprised 13% of the positive cases. Twelve different kinds of antidepressants were determined: Amitriptyline, fluoxetine, nortriptyline, trazodone, imipramine, mirtazapine, citalopram, venlafaxin, clomipramine, paroxetine, sertraline and bupropion. Amitriptyline was the most frequently detected antidepressant and was identified in 39 cases. Moreover, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and nortriptyline were included in the list of the 20 most commonly encountered drugs or poisons in the analysis of blood collected at autopsies from 2007 to 2009, indicating the prevalence of their use. In this study, the 137 antidepressant-related deaths were classified by the mode of death to predict the prevalence of these drugs. As a result, those deaths were divided into four groups based on the cause and mode of death: 56 cases of suicide with fatal concentrations of antidepressant drugs in blood, 6 homicidal cases directly or indirectly related to antidepressants, 59 natural deaths with antidepressants detected in blood and 16 deaths caused by fire or other accidents with antidepressants detected in blood. Because incidents involving antidepressants have been increasing, especially in suicides or homicides, it is necessary for the health authorities and law enforcement administrations to cooperate and share the statistical data for curbing the abuse of antidepressants. This report is expected to provide the reference data related with antidepressants for the investigation of the deaths.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.179-187
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• 1997

The clinical efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD) has fueled interest in the neurobiological basis of this illness. OCD is responsive exclucively to potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and paroxetine and this point forms the important evidence supporting a cental role for serotonin in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Other serotonergic medications such as lithium, buspirone, trazodone, or fenfluramine may be useful as adjuvant treatments in treatmentrefractory OCD and adjuvant antipsychotics are useful in tic disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders. This paper reviews results of treatment studies, investigations of biological markers, and neuroendocrine challenges and implications for the role of serotonin in pathophysiology and treatment of OCD.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.282-285
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• 2022

Compulsive behavior is a sequence of movements usually derived from normal maintenance behaviors that are performed out of context in a repetitive, exaggerated, ritualistic, and sustained manner. In general, the treatment plan includes environmental management, behavior modifications, and psychotropic medications, however, the prognosis is varied. In this case report, a 9-year-old neutered male miniature poodle presented with a lifelong history of tail chasing and mutilation. Based on the behavioral history, observations, and physical examination, compulsive disorder was diagnosed. The dog's compulsive tail chasing behavior improved only with a combination of psychotropic medications, including fluoxetine, trazodone, and gabapentin.

• 신경정신의학
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.287-300
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• 2018

Of the different phases of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression is more prevailing and is more difficult to treat. However, there is a deficit in systemic research on the pharmacological treatment of acute bipolar depression. Therefore, consensuses on the pharmacological treatment strategies of acute bipolar depression has yet to be made. Currently, there are only three drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for acute bipolar depression : quetiapine, olanzapine-fluoxetine complex, and lurasidone. In clinical practice, other drugs such as mood stabilizers (lamotrigine, lithium, valproate) and/or the other atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, risperidone, ziprasidone) are frequently prescribed. There remains controversy on the use of antidepressants in bipolar depression. Here, we summarized the evidence of current pharmacological treatment options and reviewed treatment guidelines of acute bipolar depression from recently published studies.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 1998

Objectives : Phencyclidine(PCP) or PCP-like substances such as ketamine have been known to rekindle the cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The aims of this study were to identify whether PCP-like substances can produce cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, to discuss relation with aging process, and finally to speculate underlying neurochemical mecha-nisms by various drug responses. Methods : In experiment I, radial maze tests were done in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 days to get baseline data. Being divided into 4 groups(6 rats respectively) of normal aged, normal adult controls, atropine-treated and ketamine-treated, the radial maze tests were repeated on every week for 6 weeks, and then the rats were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion with phosphate-buffered 10% formaldehyde solution for histology. The brain specimen was stained with hematoxylin-eosin to count cells in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In experiment II, radial maze tests were done for 48 rats before any drug treatment and only after ketamine administration. Thereafter, haloperidol, bromocriptine, clonidine, nimodipine, tacrine, valproic acid, naloxone and fluoxetine were intramuscularly injected on every other day in addition to ketamine. Radial maze tests were repeated on every week for 6 weeks, and then rats were prepared by the same procedure for histology. Results : 1) Reaction times of radial maze tests of atropine-treated rats were significantly prolonged than those of normal aged(p<0.05) or normal adult controls(p<0.05). Cell numbers of prefrontal cortex & hippocampus in ketamine-treated rats were significantly reduced than those in normal aged (p<0.05) or normal adult controls(p<0.005). 2) Reduced cell numbers by ketamine became significantly raised by tacrine administration in prefrontal cortex & hippocampus(p<0.05), while there were no significant changes on radial maze tests. Cell numbers also tended to be raised by nimodipine, fluoxetine and haloperidol administration. Conclusions : In conclusion, the visuospatial memory disorders in ketamine-induced psychotic rats might be partly asso-ciated with aging process. Furthermore, the responses to the various drugs suggested cholinergic system might have an important role in the neurochemical mechanism of the cognitive dysfunction in ketamine-induced psychosis. Otherwise, calcium metabolism as well as serotonergic and dopaminergic systems seemed to be possibly related.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

Objectives : To observe the effect of 4 kinds of Korean medicine and complex extracts on the anti-stress of chronic mild stress Rat model, so as to find out the machanism of its pharmacological effects. Methods : 64 healthy SD Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Model Design by chronic stress(CSM), and carried out the forced swimming test. We investigated the body weight, feed and water intake, feed conversion ratio and measured parameters to changes in swimming time, immobility time, 2 and 24 hours of feces, corticosterone hormone and blood glucose level. Results : In this experiments, body weight gain and feed intake were higher in all korean medicinal herb group. Swimming time were increased by Zizyphus jujuba and Gagamsanzointang(SZT) groups and immobility time was significantly lower by Zizyphus jujuba and Fluoxetine(FLX) groups. The result of corticosterone hormone level were significantly lower in Fluoxetine(FLX) and Gagamsanzointang(SZT) but blood glucose was not significantly difference. In 2 hours after fecal frequency result were significantly lower in Zizyphus jujuba group. but SZT group were increased. This result caused by acute stress but 24 hours of feces were restored to normal. Conclusions : 5 kind of Korean Medicinal Herbs extracts has good anti-stress effects, and also to clear the circulatory system and regulate blood glucose and improve bowel function. We suggest that use a single Korean medicine rather than the combination to relieve stress.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.280-320
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the antidepressant effects of capsaicin in chronic depressive rats and elucidate the mechanism underlying its effects. Methods: Male Wistar rats (280~320 g, 8 weeks of age) were subjected to depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stresses. The rats were exposed to 8 kinds of stresses for 8 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, fluoxetine or capsaicin was injected subcutaneously. The dose of fluoxetine was 10 mg/kg (body weight), while the doses of capsaicin consisted of low (1 mg/kg), middle (5 mg/kg), and high (10 mg/kg). The forced swim test (FST) was conducted to evaluate the immobility time of rats. The immobility time indicates despair, one of symptoms of depression. The change of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe was investigated using immunohistochemistry. In the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and 3, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was measured. Results: The immobility time in the FST was significantly lower (p < .05) in the low-dose (M = 32.40 ± 13.41 seconds) and middle-dose (M = 28.48 ± 19.57 seconds) groups than in the non-treated depressive rats (M = 90.19 ± 45.34 seconds). The amount of TPH in the dorsal raphe was significantly higher (p < .05) in the middle-dose (M = 249.17 ± 35.02) and high-dose (M = 251.0 ± 56.85) groups than in the non-treated depressive rats (M = 159.78 ± 41.16). However, GR expression in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3 did not show significant differences between the non-treated depressive rats and the capsaicin-injected rats. Conclusion: This study suggests that capsaicin produces an antidepressant-like effect on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in rats via the serotonin biosynthesis pathway.