• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2021

Fluorine-18 is by far the most widely exploited radionuclide in PET (positron emission tomography) radiochemistry. The physical half-life of fluorine-18 allows for chemical manipulation within a restricted timeframe, and cyclotron-produced fluoride ion has been widely applied in aliphatic and aromatic nucleophilic radiofluorinations to produce a variety of established radiotracers. Radiotracers have become more structurally complicated to address diverse targets in physiobiological systems. There is therefore an unmet need to complement traditional C-¹⁸F bond-forming radiofluorination with new and efficient radiolabeling techniques to tackle the myriad of possible chemical environments. This review discusses recent advances in organometallic fluorine-18 bond creation in ¹⁸F-radiochemistry. Although not widely employed, new radiolabeling strategies for constructing boron-¹⁸F, silicon-¹⁸F, aluminum-¹⁸F, and other metal-¹⁸F bonds are described in view of their potential use in the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한핵의학회 1975년도 제14차 학술대회
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• pp.85.3-86
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• 1975

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.112-122
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• 2013

Current status of soil contamination with fluorine and its source were investigated. The basic principles and procedures of various techniques for the analysis of fluorine contents in soil and solid phase samples were summarized in this review. Analysis of fluorine in solid matrices can be achieved by two types of techniques: (i) UV/Vis spectrophotometer or ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis after performing appropriate extraction steps and (ii) direct solid analysis. As the former cases, the standard method of Korean ministry of environment, alkali fusion-ISE method, pyrohydrolysis, oxygen bomb combustion, aqua regia digestion-automatic analysis, and sequential extraction-ISE method were introduced. In addition, direct analysis methods (i.e., X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proton induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry) and atomic spectrometry combining with the equipment for introducing solid phase sample were also reviewed. Fluorine analysis techniques can be reasonably selected through site-specific information such as matrix condition, contamination level, the amount of samples and the principles of various methods for the analysis of fluorine presented in this review.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2009

Noninvasive imaging of molecular and biological processes in living subjects with positron emission tomography(PET) provides exciting opportunities to monitor metabolism and detect diseases in humans. Measuring these processes with PET requires the preparation of specific molecular imaging probes labeled with $^{18}F$-fluorine. In this review we describe recent methods and novel trends for the introduction of $^{18}F$-fluorine into molecules which in turn are intended to serve as imaging agents for PET study. Nucleophilic $^{18}F$-fluorination of some halo- and mesyloxyalkanes to the corresponding $^{18}F$-fluoroalkanes with $^{18}F$-fluoride obtained from an $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ reaction, using novel reaction media system such as an ionic liquidor tert-alcohol, has been studied as a new method for $^{18}F$-fluorine labeling. Ionic liquid method is rapid and particularly convenient because $^{18}F$-fluoride in $H_2O$ can be added directly to the reaction media, obviating the careful drying that is typically required for currently used radiofluorination methods. The nonpolar protic tert-alcohol enhances the nucleophilicity of the fluoride ion dramatically in the absence of any kind of catalyst, greatly increasing the rate of the nucleophilic fluorination and reducing formation of byproducts compared with conventional methods using dipolar aprotic solvents. The great efficacy of this method is a particular advantage in labeling radiopharmaceuticals with $^{18}F$-fluorine for PETimaging, and it is illustrated by the synthesis of $^{18}F$-fluoride radiolabeled molecular imaging probes, such as $^{18}F$-FDG, $^{18}F$-FLT, $^{18}F$-FP-CIT, and $^{18}F$-FMISO, in high yield and purity and in shorter times compared to conventional syntheses.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

As many new drug substances contained various aromatic rings and fluorine attached to an electron rich aromatic ring or on the meta-position, a strategy towards improvement in aromatic fluorination of these compounds is highly desirable. The introduction of fluorine-18 onto aromatic rings showed in the limited condition containing electron withdrawing group (EWG) on the para- or ortho-position to get reasonable radiochemical yield so far. No-carrier added (NCA) [$^{18}F$]fluoroarene syntheses by iodonium salts recently reported that has the potential to greatly increase the yield in systems or positions that normally not reactive enough to give sufficient yields in simple model reaction. This review describes the methodological approach towards effective aromatic fluorination by diaryliodonium salts and future prospects in an application of novel PET radiotracer.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2015

불소는 적정 농도에서는 치아우식 예방 효과를 증진시키는 원소이지만 불소에 대한 정확한 정보를 인식하지 못하는 경우에는 치아우식 예방에 좋지 못한 큰 영향을 미친다. 이에 본 연구는 대학생을 대상으로 불소에 대한 인식도를 평가하고 인식도에 따른 구강건강상태를 분석함으로서 우식예방효과를 증진시키고 불소에 대한 올바른 지식을 전달하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2014년 5월1일부터 6월30일까지 대구 경북 지역에 거주하는 대학생 중 남성 82명 여성 102명을 대상으로 설문조사와 구강건강상태를 평가하기 위해 구강검진을 실시하였다. 연구결과 불소 인식도에 따른 DT rate 치과 외에 불소사용 인식도는 '없다'가 19.46%로 '있다' 11.10%보다 높았다(p<.05). 불소함유제품 사용표시 확인은 '아니오'가 18.32%로 가장 높아 주의표시를 읽지 않을수록 높게 조사되었다(p<.05). 불소 인식도에 따른 FT rate 치과에서의 불소사용의 인식도는 '있다'가 71.98%로 '없다' 49.04%보다 높았다(p<.05). 불소인식도가 구강건강상태에 미치는 영향을 파악함으로서 향후 불소예방사업을 수행함에 있어 기초자료를 마련하는데 의의가 있고 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 불소에 대한 인식을 높이기 위한 적극적인 교육과 홍보가 이루어져야 한다고 생각된다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.228-232
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• 2006

목적 : $[^{18}F]F_2\;(T_{1/2}=110\;min)$ 기체를 이용하여 친전자성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소 $^{18}F$을 표지하는 방법은 새로운 앙전자방출단층촬영용 방사성의약품 개발 분야에서 유용하게 이용되고 있다. 그림에도 불구하고 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 높은 생산수율과 비방사능으로 생산하기 위한 표적 개발 연구는 아직도 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 친핵성 치환반응으로 $^{18}F$을 도입하기 어려운 방사성의약품에 친전자성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입할 수 있는 $[^{18}F]F_2$ 가스의 효율적인 생산에 관해 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법: 표적은 원추형 모양의 알루미늄 재질로 제작하였다. $[^{18}F]F_2$ 생산을 위한 핵반응으로 $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$를 사용하였으며, two-step 빔 조사방법을 이용하였다. 첫 번째 조사는 농축 $[^{18}O]O_2$가스를 표적에 충진한 후 빔 조사하여 $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 일으킴으로써 $^{18}F$를 생산한다. 생산된 $^{18}F$은 표적 챔버 기벽에 흡착된다. $[^{18}O]O_2$은 재사용을 위하여 냉각포획법으로 회수하였으며, $^{18}F$를 회수하기 위해 $[^{19}F]F_2/Ar$ 가스를 충진한 후, 두 번째 빔을 조사하여 방사성불소를 회수하는 방법으로 구성된다. 본 연구에서는 최적의 방사성불소 생산 조건을 찾기 위해 빔 조사 시간, 빔 전류 세기 농축 $[^{18}O]O_2$ 충진 압력 등의 변화에 따라 생산량을 평가하였다. 결과: 빔 조사 시간, 빔 전류, 농축 $[^{18}O]O_2$ 충진 압력 등의 조건을 변화시키면서 생산량을 평가한 결과 최적의 빔 조사 조건은 다음과 같다. 첫 번째 조사: 농축 $[^{18}O]O_2$을 약 15.0 bar충진, 13.2 MeV, 30 ${\mu}A$로 60-90분 조사; 두 번째 조사: 1% $[^{19}F]F_2/Ar$혼합가스 12.0 bar 충진, 13.2 MeV, 30 ${\mu}A$로 20-30분 조사 후 아르곤 가스로 회수하였을 때 EOB(end of bombardment) 기준으로 약 $34{\pm}6.0$ GBq(n>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 1976

The author studied on the transfer of radioactive fluorine ($^{18}F$) to dental hard tissue through animal experiments which was divided into two groups. First group of rats were sacrified 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 minutes after intraperitoneal injection. Second group were sacrified 1 and 3 minutes after topical application on anterior teeth. The teeth were removed and sectioned by means of abrasive wheel and polished on india stone as thick as about 50 microns. Autoradiograph picture was made by close contact of high-speed dental X-ray film on prepared specimen for 2 hours. The results of this study were as follows; 1) There was no evidence of transfer of $^{18}F$ on dental hard tissue on the cases of 1, 2 and 5 minutes survival after intraperitoneal injection. 2) Radioactive sodium fluorine incorporated to dental hard tissue was slight and diffuse at 10 minutes cases and significant incorporated picture was noticed at 20 minutes cases in intraperitoneal injection. 3) On topical application groups incorporated $^{18}F$ to enamel was traced clearly only on enamel surface at 1 minute cases and significant transfer into whole enamel was found at 3 minutes cases.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare PET imaging performance with Fluorine-18 ($^{18}F$) and Gallium-68 ($^{68}Ga$) for influence of physical properties of PET tracer. Measurement were performed on a Siemens Biograph mCT64 PET/CT scanner using NEMA IEC body phantom and Flangeless Esser PET phantom containing filled with $^{18}F$ and $^{68}Ga$. Emission scan duration(ESD) was set to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5min/bed for $^{68}Ga$ and 1min/bed for $^{18}F$. The PET image were evaluated in terms of contrast, spatial resolution. Under same condition, The percentage of contrast recovery measured in the phantom ranged from 16.88% to 72.56% for $^{68}Ga$ and from 27.51% to 74.43% for $^{18}F$ and The FWHM value to evaluate spatial resolution was 10.96 mm for $^{68}Ga$ and 9.19 mm for $^{18}F$. For this study, $^{18}F$ produces better image contrast and spatial resolution than $^{68}Ga$ due to higher positron yield and lower positron energy ($^{18}F$: 96.86%, 633.5 keV, $^{68}Ga$: 88.9%, 1899 keV), The physical properties of PET tracer effect on the PET image. $^{68}Ga$ image applying ESD of 3, 4, 5min/bed were showed similar to $^{18}F$ image with ESD of 1min/bed. This study suggests that increasing ESD for acquiring $^{68}Ga$ PET image seem to be similar to $^{18}F$ image.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.553-558
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 배합강도 30MPa로 설계된 25-30-18 규격의 콘크리트 배합에 불소화합물 및 실리카로 구성된 불소-실리카 복합형 균열저감제(FS)를 시멘트 중량을 기준으로 0.5% 간격으로 2.0%까지 첨가한 후 슬럼프 경시 변화, 공기량 경시 변화 및 블리딩 등의 굳지 않은 콘크리트의 재료특성을 평가하였다. 또한, 콘크리트 수화온도 변화에 미치는 영향과 소성수축 및 건조수축의 저항성에 미치는 효과를 파악하였다. FS가 첨가된 콘크리트의 재료특성에서 슬럼프 및 공기량 경시 변화는 무첨가 콘크리트에 비해 큰 차이가 없었으나 블리딩과 수화온도는 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 경화 전 후 소성수축 및 건조수축에 기인된 콘크리트의 수축균열 저항성이 FS를 $1.0{\sim}1.5%$의 첨가함으로써 크게 저감됨을 알 수 있었다.