• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.112-122
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• 2013

Current status of soil contamination with fluorine and its source were investigated. The basic principles and procedures of various techniques for the analysis of fluorine contents in soil and solid phase samples were summarized in this review. Analysis of fluorine in solid matrices can be achieved by two types of techniques: (i) UV/Vis spectrophotometer or ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis after performing appropriate extraction steps and (ii) direct solid analysis. As the former cases, the standard method of Korean ministry of environment, alkali fusion-ISE method, pyrohydrolysis, oxygen bomb combustion, aqua regia digestion-automatic analysis, and sequential extraction-ISE method were introduced. In addition, direct analysis methods (i.e., X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proton induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry) and atomic spectrometry combining with the equipment for introducing solid phase sample were also reviewed. Fluorine analysis techniques can be reasonably selected through site-specific information such as matrix condition, contamination level, the amount of samples and the principles of various methods for the analysis of fluorine presented in this review.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to check the validation of an auto-analysis method combined with aqua regia digestion apparatus for improvement of water distillation method used as a fluorine test of soil. Fluorine contents of CaO used in the pretreatment course of water distillation method were 120 mg/kg ~ 5,064 mg/kg at the blank test, which was exceeded up to maximum 12.5 times of the soil standard, so it was estimated due to a effect of fluorine existing as impurities of CaO. The recovery test of the same samples indicated that water distillation method and auto-analysis method were 134.5mg/kg and 161.7mg/kg respectively, the recovery ratio of the latter was 16.8% higher than the formal. The validation test of two methods satisfied the standard, but auto analysis method was excellent more than distillation method. Also, auto analysis method could save a analysis time up to maximum 4.7 times by comparison with water distillation method.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.654-661
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• 2019

This study assessed the stabilization of fluorine (F)-contaminated soil using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and the consequent changes in human health risk. The bioavailable F decreased to 3.5%, (i.e., 57.9 ± 1.27 mg/kg in 6% Ca(OH)₂-treated soil sample) from 43.0%, (i.e., 711 ± 23.4 mg/kg in control soil sample). This resulted from the conversion of water-soluble F to stable calcium fluoride, which was confirmed by XRD spectrometry. Soil ingestion, inhalation of fugitive dust from soil, and water ingestion were selected as exposure pathways for human health risk assessment. Non-carcinogenic risks of F in soils reduced to less than 1.0 after stabilization, ranging from 4.2 to 0.34 for child and from 3.0 to 0.25 for adult. Contaminated water ingestion owing to the leaching of F from soil to groundwater was considered as a major exposure pathway. The risks through soil ingestion and inhalation of fugitive dust from soil were insignificant both before and after stabilization, although F concentration exceeded the Korean soil regulatory level before stabilization. Our data suggested that substantial risk to human health owing to various potential exposure pathways could be addressed by managing F present in soil.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.522-536
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• 2016

Fluorine is unique chemical element which occurs naturally, but is not an essential nutrient for plants. Fluoride toxicity can arise due to excessive fluoride intake from a variety of natural or manmade sources. Fluoride is phytotoxic to most plants. Plants which are sensitive for fluorine exposure even low concentrations of fluorine can cause leave damage and a decline in growth. All vegetation contains some fluoride absorbed from soil and water. The highest levels of F in field-grown vegetables are found up to $40mg\;kg^{-1}$ fresh weight although fluoride is relatively immobile and is not easily leached in soil because most of the fluoride was not readily soluble or exchangeable. Also, high concentrations of fluoride primarily associated with the soil colloid or clay fraction can increase fluoride levels in soil solution, increasing uptake via the plant root. In soils more than 90 percent of the natural fluoride ranging from 20 to $1,000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ is insoluble, or tightly bound to soil particles. The excess accumulation of fluorides in vegetation leads to visible leaf injury, damage to fruits, changes in the yield. The amount of fluoride taken up by plants depending on the type of plant, the nature of the soil, and the amount and form of fluoride in the soil should be controlled. Conclusively, fluoride is possible and long-term pollution effects on plant growth through accumulation of the fluoride retained in the soil.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2006

In order to utilize coal fly ash (hereafter : coal ash ) discharged from coal boiler as a material for civil engineering usage such as snow melter or soil improver, we have to prevent leaching hazardous elements such as fluorine boron and heavy metals from the coal ash because the leaching concentrations of some elements in the ash exceed the Japanese standards for environmental soil quality. Through the laboratory experiments and mill trials we confirmed that the leaching concentrations of fluorine, boron and heavy metals were maintained below their environmental standards by mixing with fixation chemicals and curing for a short time.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2015

본 연구는 불산 누출사고로 인한 토양 내 불소의 잔류여부 및 용출특성을 파악하여 장 단기적 환경위해성을 조사하고자 하였다. pH 유지 용출시험, 연속 회분식 용출시험, 주상용출시험 등을 적용하였다. 이는 다양한 환경과 시간범위에서 불소의 용출정도를 조사하여 이동도 및 용출특성을 포괄적으로 이해하고자 함이다. 대부분의 토양시료에 대하여 pH가 알칼리성으로 증가할수록 수산화이온과의 경쟁 및 치환으로 인하여 불소의 용출농도 역시 증가하였다. 연속 회분식 용출시험에서는 인공오염 토양시료에서 초기 불소의 용출농도가 매우 높게 나타났으나 2차 용출 이후 현장토양시료와 유사한 낮은 용출농도를 보였다. 또한, 주상용출시험의 경우도 인공오염 토양시료에서의 초기 용출단계에서 다량의 불소가 용출되는 경향을 나타냈다. 다양한 용출시험 결과 초기 토양입자표면에 잔류한 불소는 비교적 초기에 쉽게 제거되는 것을 확인하였으며, 사고로 인한 잔류불소의 영향은 2년이 지난 현재 시점에서 매우 적다고 판단된다. 따라서 실제 화학물질 사고와 같은 외부적인 영향을 받은 환경피해지역 토양에 대하여 즉각적인 오염확산관리가 선행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1237-1245
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• 2012

The effect of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of PET fabric on the detergency of particulate soil were investigated as functions of the concentration of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemicals, surfactant concentration, ionic strength, adhesion and removal time, and pH. The detergency of the particulate soil was determined by the adhesion of particles to and their removal from fabric, the PET fabric and ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ were used as textile materials and for the model of particulate soil, respectively. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic finish for PET fabric was treated with a polyester, silicone and fluorine organic compound of resin respectively. The adhesion of particulate soil to fabric treated with hydrophobic chemicals were slightly higher but its removal from fabric treated with hydrophobic chemicals was largely higher than fabric treated with a hydrophilic chemical regardless of solution conditions such as the concentration of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemicals, surfactant concentration, ionic strength, adhesion and removal time, and pH. Therefore, hydrophobic treatment for fabric had a more positive effect than the hydrophilic treatment on the detergency of particulate soil.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2009

Zn, Ni 및 불소로 복합 오염된 토양의 정화를 위해서 동전기 정화(Electrokinetic remediation)기술을 적용하였다. 토양에서 탈착된 불소는 음이온 형태이고, Zn, Ni은 양이온으로 존재하기 때문에 간극수가 이동하는 전기삼투(electro-osmosis)와 이온이 이동하는 전기이동(electro-migration)의 두 가지 기작에 의해 제거되는 경향이 달랐다. 불소는 알칼리 조건에서 토양으로부터의 탈착이 증가하고, Zn과 Ni은 산성조건에서 탈착이 증가된다. 두 가지 탈착 특성이 다른 오염물질을 순차적 pH조절을 통해 효과적으로 제어할 수 있었다. 정전압 하에서의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 2V/cm를 적용하여으며, 2주간의 실험을 통해 Zn은 20.5%, Ni은 2.5%, 불소는 57.4% 제거되었다. Zn과 Ni의 제거율은 낮았으나 토양 ph조절을 통해 이동 가능함을 확인하였다. 토양 pH조절을 통하여 특성이 다른 복합오염물질을 동전기 정화 기술로 제거할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2024

본 연구는 우리나라 산림골재 주요 공급원이 될 수 있는 암석 내 불소의 지질학적 분포 특성을 조사하기 위해 22개 시군의 224개 지점에서 산림골재(암석) 시료를 채취하여 불소 농도를 조사하였다. 전국 불소 배경농도는 344 mg/kg으로 암석의 지각 평균불소 농도인 625 mg/kg 보다 현저히 낮으며, 세계 토양 평균 불소 농도인 321 mg/kg 보다는 다소 높았다. 권역별 농도분포는 경기도 394 mg/kg, 강원도 336 mg/kg, 충청도 318 mg/kg, 경상도 289 mg/kg, 전라도 271 mg/kg 순서로 조사되었다. 지체구조에 의한 농도분포는 경기육괴가 396 mg/kg 으로 가장 높았으며, 퇴적분지/화산대인 울릉도가 349 mg/kg, 옥천습곡대 291 mg/kg, 영남육괴 281 mg/kg, 경상분지 259 mg/kg 순서로 높았다. 모암의 성인에 의한 농도분포는 변성암이 362 mg/kg 으로 가장 높았으며, 퇴적암 354 mg/kg, 화성암 328 mg/kg 순서로 조사되었다. 지질시대에 의한 농도분포는 고생대가 394 mg/kg 으로 가장 높았으며, 트라이아스기 391 mg/kg, 선캠브리아시대 368 mg/kg, 쥐라기 359 mg/kg, 시대미상 324 mg/kg, 제4기 314 mg/kg, 백악기 304 mg/kg 순서로 높았다. 암종에 따른 불소 농도분포는 섬록암이 515 mg/kg 으로 가장 높았으며, 편마암류 377 mg/kg, 편암류 344 mg/kg, 천매암 306 mg/kg, 화강암류 305 mg/kg, 석영반암 298 mg/kg 순서로 조사되었다. 본 연구결과를 종합해보면 경기도 지역의 지각을 이루는 경기육괴 내 선캠브리아시대 변성암인 편마암류와 편암류가 높은 농도의 불소를 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil quality to cultivate crops in urban garden.METHODS AND RESULTS: During the period of six month from March to August 2015, measured eight heavy metals, seven Organic items and Fluorine on seventeen urban sites and thirty-one suburban sites in Gwangju city.METHODS AND RESULTS: The average concentration and range of heavy metal in soil are 0.15 mg/kg(ND-0.6) for Cd, 14.9 mg/kg(1.5-33.3) for Cu, 4.4 mg/kg(0.4-71.8) for As, 0.05 mg/kg(ND-1.366) for Hg, 24.7 mg/kg(13.1-62.7) for Pb, 102.5 mg/kg(49.1-276.4) for Zn and 9.2 mg/kg(ND-90.1) for Ni but Cr⁶⁺ is not detected. The average value and range of soil fertility items are 253.5mg/kg(76.6-1766.0) for fluorine, 6.4(4.8-7.7) for pH, 20.3 g/kg(5.0-44.0) for orangic matters, 562.7 mg/kg (28.0-1672.0) for available phosphate, 0.6 cmol⁺/kg (0.1-2.3) for K, 9.7 cmol⁺/kg (2.7-22.0) for Ca, 3.0 cmol⁺/kg (0.9-7.4) for Mg, 1.0 ds/m(0.2-2.9) for conductivity. The concentration of Hg in Suburban area is 0.005 mg/kg lower than 0.134 mg/kg in urban area. Also, the concentration of As, Cd, Ni and Zn is lower than urban area as 32%, 37%, 51%, 71% respectively.CONCLUSION: According to SPI index of soil contamination, 39 sites are first degree and 8 sites are second degree and 1 site(41th) is fourth degree. Pb and Cd are not detected and As is detected tiny amounts in plants grown polluted soil, so heavy metals have not moved to plants.