• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2021

This paper deals with multi-objective optimization using response surface method to improve the hydraulic performances of a 2 vane pump for wastewater treatment. For analyzing the internal flow field in the pump, steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved with the shear stress transport turbulence model as a turbulence closure model. The impeller and volute variables were defined in the shape of the 2 vane pump. The objective functions were set to satisfy the total head at the design flow rate as well as to improve the efficiency. The hydraulic performance of the optimally designed shape was verified by numerical analysis results.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2021

A rear axle steering (RAS) system is attached to the rear of medium and large commercial vehicles that transport large cargo. The existing RAS systems are driven by electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA), and most commercialized EHAs consist of electric motors, hydraulic pumps, relief valves, prefill valves and cylinders. The prefill valve required for such EHAs is a type of check valve with extremely low cracking pressure that should not allow RAS to have noise or vibration, and the prefill valve prevents system negative pressure as well as unstable operation. Most papers on this topic rely on experiments to predict valve performance, and theoretically detailed modeling of valves or pipelines is performed, but it is very rare to evaluate hydraulic vibration characteristics by analysing everything from hydraulic pumps to valves comprehensively. In this study, we proposed an experimental circuit that can predict the performance of the prefill valve. The study also analysed the pressure-flow pulsation that is transmitted to the valve through the pipeline, and how the transmitted pressure-flow pulsation affects the valve vibration.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2020

Field robots are used in various fields, such as agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, and construction; their use has recently expanded to include submarine areas. Field robots can aid in various tasks, such as soil transport, ground clearance, and dismantling of buildings. As field robots are used in a variety of different areas, the difficulty of the work is also quite varied. Increased difficulty is associated with an increased risk of accidents involving the field robot. In order to reduce the accident rate of field robot workers, the need for digitalization and automation of field robots is becoming more of an issue. To this end, it is necessary to study a system that enables workers to do their work without directly contacting a field robot. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a control system for wireless remote control of a small field robot. The field robot can be wirelessly controlled by a worker in a remote location if the worker cannot be present at the work site. The implemented remote system is tested according to the type of work, and the operating characteristics of the remote system are assessed.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.858-876
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• 2021

Although widely used, the design of the bulbous bow for ships has been difficult due to the complex interference between the wave system generated by the bulb and the wave system of the ship hull. Until now, a bulbous bow has been often designed using Kracht charts, which were established based on model test data, but these charts apply only to ships with a block coefficient C_B = 0.56-0.82, Froude number Fn = 0.20-0.40, and the obtained bulb sizes are only close to optimal. This paper presents a new method for the optimal design of bulbous bow, starting from the design of an initial bulb using Kracht charts for ships with any block coefficient or Froude number, then resizing this initial bulb to define the optimal bulb sizes based on a multi-objective function of the required power reduction, and a combined solution of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and surrogate models. This study was applied to a fishing vessel FAO 75, which has been model tested and used to design steel fishing vessels in Vietnam recently. The obtained quantitative results showed the same trend as the theory and practice, with a reduction of the ship's required power by about 14%.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권9호
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• pp.3567-3579
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• 2022

This paper provides an assessment of fluid transport and mixing processes inside the primary circuit of the test facility ROCOM through the numerical simulation of Test 2.1 with the system code ATHLET. The experiment represents an asymmetric injection of cold and non-borated water into the reactor coolant system (RCS) of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to restore core cooling, an emergency procedure which may subsequently trigger a core re-criticality. The injection takes place at low velocity under single-phase subcooled conditions and presents a major challenge for the simulation in lumped parameter codes, due to multidimensional effects in horizontal piping and vessel arising from density gradients and gravity forces. Aiming at further validating ATHLET 3-D capabilities against horizontal geometries, the experiment conditions are applied to a ROCOM model, which includes a newly developed horizontal pipe object to enhance code prediction inside coolant loops. The obtained results show code strong simulation capabilities to represent multidimensional flows. Enhanced prediction is observed at the vessel inlet compared to traditional 1-D approach, whereas mixing overprediction from the descending denser plume is observed at the upper-half downcomer region, which leads to eventual deviations at the core inlet.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 1th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.814-819
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• 2005

There is growing consciousness of the environmental performance of buildings in Hong Kong. The Buildings Department, the Lands Department and the Planning Department of the Hong Kong Government issued the first of a series of joint practice notes [1] to promote the construction of green and innovative buildings. Green features are architectural features used to mitigate migration of noise and various air-borne pollutants and to moderate the transport of heat, air and transmission of daylight from outside to indoor environment in an advantageous way. This joint practice note sets out the incentives to encourage the industry in Hong Kong to incorporate the use of green features in building development. The use of green features in building design not only improves the environmental quality, but also reduces the consumption of non-renewable energy used in active control of indoor environment. Larger window openings in the walls of a building may provide better natural ventilation. However, it also increases the penetration of direct solar radiation into indoor environment. The use of wing wall, one of the green features, is an alternative to create effective natural ventilation. This paper therefore presents a preliminary numerical study of its ventilation performance using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The numerical results will be compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments of Givoni.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

연안 및 하구지역은 퇴적물의 침식, 부유, 이동이 활발하게 이루어지며, 이로 인해 유성머드와 같은 고농도의 부유퇴적물 환경이 조성된다. 유성머드는 주로 실트, 점토와 같이 매주 작은 입자들로 이루어져 있는 10 g/l 이상의 고농도 환경으로써, 유성머드의 분포 및 특성 파악을 위해 초음파와 같이 분해능이 우수한 높은 주파수 특성을 이용한 연구가 필요하다. 음파가 부유퇴적물에 의해 산란될 때, 부유퇴적물의 농도가 높아질수록 후방산란강도의 세기가 증가하지만, 점성 및 산란에 의한 감쇠도 함께 증가하기 때문에 농도에 따른 올바른 감쇠계수 보상이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 5 MHz 주파수 특성을 바탕으로 간이 수조에서 농도에 따른 가상의 유성머드 환경을 조성한 뒤, 후방산란강도를 측정하였다. 또한 Richards의 감쇠계수 모델을 이용하여 부유물의 특성 및 농도에 따른 감쇠계수를 계산하였고, 이를 후방산란강도를 계산하는 소나방정식에 적용하여 부유물 농도에 따른 후방산란강도를 예측하였다. 그 결과 부유물에 의한 감쇠를 보상하지 않았을 경우 부유물 농도 증가에 따라 후방산란강도 값이 함께 증가하는 경향을 보이다가 일정 농도(20 g/l) 이후부터는 부유물의 농도가 증가하여도 후방산란강도가 더 이상 증가하지 않았다. 반면, 농도에 따른 감쇠계수를 보상해 주었을 경우는 부유물 농도 증가에 따라 후방산란강도가 연속적으로 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 고농도의 부유퇴적물 환경에서 음파에 의한 산란강도를 정확히 예측하기 위해서는 부유물 농도에 따른 감쇠효과 고려가 필요함을 보여준다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2010

본 연구는 차세대 에너지원으로 주목 받고 있는 직접메탄올연료전지(Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC)에 대해 mutiscale 기법을 사용하여 DMFC의 MEA부분에 대한 상세 모델링 및 전산모사를 통한 이론적 고찰을 시도하였다. 본 연구에서 이용한 multiscale 모델링 방법은 공정시스템 공학의 kinetic 중심의 모델링 방법과 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)의 유동중심의 모델링 방법을 유기적으로 결합하여 모사 중간에 필요한 데이터 교환을 함으로써 정확한 모델링 및 전산모사 결과를 얻었다. CFD 모델링으로 유체 이동현상을 3차원으로 해석하였고, 동시에 복잡한 비선형 대수방정식으로 표현되는 반응속도, 전기화학반응을 DAE (Differential & Algebraic Equation) solver로 계산하였다. 모델은 메탄올의 산화반응과 산소의 환원반응을 중심으로 MEA (Membrane Electorde Assembly)부분에서 물리화학적, 전기적 현상 현상을 규명하고, 반응 메커니즘을 구성하였다. MEA 모델은 3차원 공간에서 변위를 가지는 3차원 모델로 구성하였으며, 정상상태 및 등온공정의 조건하에 수립되었다. 이를 통해 channel을 포함한 MEA 부분에서 발생되는 물리적, 화학적, 전기적 현상을 정확히 예측 할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 수행된 결과는 DMFC의 실험계획 및 운전조건을 도출함에 있어 매우 유용한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 추가적인 연구를 통해 DMFC의 상용화에 크게 이바지 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of lithium concentration difference between maternal and fetal plasma and the effect of previous lithium loading on rapid transplacental transport of large amounts of lithium. Pregnant rabbits at $20{\sim}22\;days$ of gestation were divided into two groups: chronic $Li^+$ injection group and chronic plus acute $Li^+$ injection group. Small amounts of LiCl (1 mmol/kg per day) were given intraperitoneally to all rabbits of both group, for 5 days before sacrifice. The rabbits of chronic plus acute injection group, received additional intravenous injections of large amounts of LiCl (2 mmol/kg) one hour before sacrifice. Maternal arterial blood, placental sinus blood, fetal blood and amniotic fluid were drawn and analyzed for the plasma concentrations of $Li^+$, $Na^+$ and $K^+$ and for osmolartiy. Followings are the results obtained. 1) There was no difference in the $Li^+$ concentration between maternal plasma and placental sinus plasma in chronic lithium group, although the $Li^+$ concentration of placental sinus plasma was slightly lower than that of maternal arterial plasma in the chronic plus acute lithium group. 2) The $Li^+$ concentration of fetal plasma was much lower than that of placental sinus plasma in both groups, the ratio being $0.76{\pm}0.250$ ($mean{\pm}95%$ confidence interval) for the chronic $Li^+$ group and $0.78{\pm}0.366$ for the chronic plus acute $Li^+$ group. 3) The ratio of $Li^+$ concentration of fetal plasma to maternal arterial plasma was $0.71{\pm}0.196$ in the chronic group and $0.59{\pm}0.261$ in the chronic plus acute group. 4) $Li^+$ concentration of amniotic fluid was much higher than that of fetal plasma in the chronic $Li^+$ group but not significantly different in the chronic plus acute $Li^+$ group. 5) An acute loading of $Li^+$ did not produce any detectable changes in $Na^+$ and $K^+$ concentrations and osmolarity of the maternal plasma. The above results may suggest that: (a) The placental barrier maintains steady state lithium concentration gradient between placental sinus plasma and fetal plasma. (b) In rabbits chronically treated with $Li^+$ the steady state $Li^+$ gradient is established within one hour after an acute $Li^+$ loading, provided that the $Li^+$ concentration in the maternal plasma is less than 4 mmole/l.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.715-732
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• 2009

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2008. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends in thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed in the categories of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, new and renewable energy, and fire. Well-developed CFD technologies were widely applied in developing facilities and their systems. New research topics include fire, fuel cell, and solar energy. Research was mainly focused on flow distribution and optimization in the fields of fluid machinery and piping. Topics related to the development of fans and compressors had been popular, but were no longer investigated widely. Research papers on micro heat exchangers using nanofluids and micro pumps were also not presented during this period. There were some studies on thermal reliability and performance in the fields of new and renewable energy. Numerical simulations of smoke ventilation and the spread of fire were the main topics in the field of fire. (2) Research works on heat transfer presented in 2008 have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, industrial heat exchangers, and ground heat exchangers. Research on heat transfer characteristics included thermal transport in cryogenic vessels, dish solar collectors, radiative thermal reflectors, variable conductance heat pipes, and flow condensation and evaporation of refrigerants. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, examined are research on micro-channel plate heat exchangers, liquid cooled cold plates, fin-tube heat exchangers, and frost behavior of heat exchanger fins. Measurements on ground thermal conductivity and on the thermal diffusion characteristics of ground heat exchangers were reported. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many studies were presented on simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump systems. Switching between various operation modes and optimizing the refrigerant charge were considered in this research. Studies of heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as sewage water and river water were reported. Evaporative cooling was studied both theoretically and experimentally as a potential alternative to the conventional methods. (4) Research papers on building facilities have been reviewed and divided into studies on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation, automatic control of heat sources with piping systems, and sound reduction in hydraulic turbine dynamo rooms. In particular, considered were efficient and effective uses of energy resulting in reduced environmental pollution and operating costs. (5) In the field of building environments, many studies focused on health and comfort. Ventilation. system performance was considered to be important in improving indoor air conditions. Due to high oil prices, various tests were planned to examine building energy consumption and to cut life cycle costs.